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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+
+**********************
+Yocto Project Concepts
+**********************
+
+This chapter provides explanations for Yocto Project concepts that go
+beyond the surface of "how-to" information and reference (or look-up)
+material. Concepts such as components, the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+workflow,
+cross-development toolchains, shared state cache, and so forth are
+explained.
+
+Yocto Project Components
+========================
+
+The :term:`BitBake` task executor
+together with various types of configuration files form the
+:term:`OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core)`. This section
+overviews these components by describing their use and how they
+interact.
+
+BitBake handles the parsing and execution of the data files. The data
+itself is of various types:
+
+- *Recipes:* Provides details about particular pieces of software.
+
+- *Class Data:* Abstracts common build information (e.g. how to build a
+ Linux kernel).
+
+- *Configuration Data:* Defines machine-specific settings, policy
+ decisions, and so forth. Configuration data acts as the glue to bind
+ everything together.
+
+BitBake knows how to combine multiple data sources together and refers
+to each data source as a layer. For information on layers, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/layers:understanding and creating layers`"
+section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+Here are some brief details on these core components. For
+additional information on how these components interact during a build,
+see the
+":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts`"
+section.
+
+BitBake
+-------
+
+BitBake is the tool at the heart of the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+and is responsible
+for parsing the :term:`Metadata`, generating
+a list of tasks from it, and then executing those tasks.
+
+This section briefly introduces BitBake. If you want more information on
+BitBake, see the :doc:`BitBake User Manual <bitbake:index>`.
+
+To see a list of the options BitBake supports, use either of the
+following commands::
+
+ $ bitbake -h
+ $ bitbake --help
+
+The most common usage for BitBake is ``bitbake recipename``, where
+``recipename`` is the name of the recipe you want to build (referred
+to as the "target"). The target often equates to the first part of a
+recipe's filename (e.g. "foo" for a recipe named ``foo_1.3.0-r0.bb``).
+So, to process the ``matchbox-desktop_1.2.3.bb`` recipe file, you might
+type the following::
+
+ $ bitbake matchbox-desktop
+
+Several different versions of ``matchbox-desktop`` might exist. BitBake chooses
+the one selected by the distribution configuration. You can get more details
+about how BitBake chooses between different target versions and providers in the
+":ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-execution:preferences`" section
+of the BitBake User Manual.
+
+BitBake also tries to execute any dependent tasks first. So for example,
+before building ``matchbox-desktop``, BitBake would build a cross
+compiler and ``glibc`` if they had not already been built.
+
+A useful BitBake option to consider is the ``-k`` or ``--continue``
+option. This option instructs BitBake to try and continue processing the
+job as long as possible even after encountering an error. When an error
+occurs, the target that failed and those that depend on it cannot be
+remade. However, when you use this option other dependencies can still
+be processed.
+
+Recipes
+-------
+
+Files that have the ``.bb`` suffix are "recipes" files. In general, a
+recipe contains information about a single piece of software. This
+information includes the location from which to download the unaltered
+source, any source patches to be applied to that source (if needed),
+which special configuration options to apply, how to compile the source
+files, and how to package the compiled output.
+
+The term "package" is sometimes used to refer to recipes. However, since
+the word "package" is used for the packaged output from the OpenEmbedded
+build system (i.e. ``.ipk`` or ``.deb`` files), this document avoids
+using the term "package" when referring to recipes.
+
+Classes
+-------
+
+Class files (``.bbclass``) contain information that is useful to share
+between recipes files. An example is the :ref:`ref-classes-autotools` class,
+which contains common settings for any application that is built with
+the :wikipedia:`GNU Autotools <GNU_Autotools>`.
+The ":ref:`ref-manual/classes:Classes`" chapter in the Yocto Project
+Reference Manual provides details about classes and how to use them.
+
+Configurations
+--------------
+
+The configuration files (``.conf``) define various configuration
+variables that govern the OpenEmbedded build process. These files fall
+into several areas that define machine configuration options,
+distribution configuration options, compiler tuning options, general
+common configuration options, and user configuration options in
+``conf/local.conf``, which is found in the :term:`Build Directory`.
+
+
+Layers
+======
+
+Layers are repositories that contain related metadata (i.e. sets of
+instructions) that tell the OpenEmbedded build system how to build a
+target. :ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:the yocto project layer model`
+facilitates collaboration, sharing, customization, and reuse within the
+Yocto Project development environment. Layers logically separate
+information for your project. For example, you can use a layer to hold
+all the configurations for a particular piece of hardware. Isolating
+hardware-specific configurations allows you to share other metadata by
+using a different layer where that metadata might be common across
+several pieces of hardware.
+
+There are many layers working in the Yocto Project development environment. The
+:yocto_home:`Yocto Project Compatible Layer Index </software-overview/layers/>`
+and :oe_layerindex:`OpenEmbedded Layer Index <>` both contain layers from
+which you can use or leverage.
+
+By convention, layers in the Yocto Project follow a specific form.
+Conforming to a known structure allows BitBake to make assumptions
+during builds on where to find types of metadata. You can find
+procedures and learn about tools (i.e. ``bitbake-layers``) for creating
+layers suitable for the Yocto Project in the
+":ref:`dev-manual/layers:understanding and creating layers`"
+section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+OpenEmbedded Build System Concepts
+==================================
+
+This section takes a more detailed look inside the build process used by
+the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`,
+which is the build
+system specific to the Yocto Project. At the heart of the build system
+is BitBake, the task executor.
+
+The following diagram represents the high-level workflow of a build. The
+remainder of this section expands on the fundamental input, output,
+process, and metadata logical blocks that make up the workflow.
+
+.. image:: figures/YP-flow-diagram.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+In general, the build's workflow consists of several functional areas:
+
+- *User Configuration:* metadata you can use to control the build
+ process.
+
+- *Metadata Layers:* Various layers that provide software, machine, and
+ distro metadata.
+
+- *Source Files:* Upstream releases, local projects, and SCMs.
+
+- *Build System:* Processes under the control of
+ :term:`BitBake`. This block expands
+ on how BitBake fetches source, applies patches, completes
+ compilation, analyzes output for package generation, creates and
+ tests packages, generates images, and generates cross-development
+ tools.
+
+- *Package Feeds:* Directories containing output packages (RPM, DEB or
+ IPK), which are subsequently used in the construction of an image or
+ Software Development Kit (SDK), produced by the build system. These
+ feeds can also be copied and shared using a web server or other means
+ to facilitate extending or updating existing images on devices at
+ runtime if runtime package management is enabled.
+
+- *Images:* Images produced by the workflow.
+
+- *Application Development SDK:* Cross-development tools that are
+ produced along with an image or separately with BitBake.
+
+User Configuration
+------------------
+
+User configuration helps define the build. Through user configuration,
+you can tell BitBake the target architecture for which you are building
+the image, where to store downloaded source, and other build properties.
+
+The following figure shows an expanded representation of the "User
+Configuration" box of the :ref:`general workflow
+figure <overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`:
+
+.. image:: figures/user-configuration.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+BitBake needs some basic configuration files in order to complete a
+build. These files are ``*.conf`` files. The minimally necessary ones
+reside as example files in the ``build/conf`` directory of the
+:term:`Source Directory`. For simplicity,
+this section refers to the Source Directory as the "Poky Directory."
+
+When you clone the :term:`Poky` Git repository
+or you download and unpack a Yocto Project release, you can set up the
+Source Directory to be named anything you want. For this discussion, the
+cloned repository uses the default name ``poky``.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The Poky repository is primarily an aggregation of existing
+ repositories. It is not a canonical upstream source.
+
+The ``meta-poky`` layer inside Poky contains a ``conf`` directory that
+has example configuration files. These example files are used as a basis
+for creating actual configuration files when you source
+:ref:`structure-core-script`, which is the
+build environment script.
+
+Sourcing the build environment script creates a :term:`Build Directory`
+if one does not already exist. BitBake uses the :term:`Build Directory`
+for all its work during builds. The Build Directory has a ``conf`` directory
+that contains default versions of your ``local.conf`` and ``bblayers.conf``
+configuration files. These default configuration files are created only
+if versions do not already exist in the :term:`Build Directory` at the time you
+source the build environment setup script.
+
+Because the Poky repository is fundamentally an aggregation of existing
+repositories, some users might be familiar with running the
+:ref:`structure-core-script` script in the context of separate
+:term:`OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core)` and BitBake
+repositories rather than a single Poky repository. This discussion
+assumes the script is executed from within a cloned or unpacked version
+of Poky.
+
+Depending on where the script is sourced, different sub-scripts are
+called to set up the :term:`Build Directory` (Yocto or OpenEmbedded).
+Specifically, the script ``scripts/oe-setup-builddir`` inside the poky
+directory sets up the :term:`Build Directory` and seeds the directory (if
+necessary) with configuration files appropriate for the Yocto Project
+development environment.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The
+ scripts/oe-setup-builddir
+ script uses the
+ ``$TEMPLATECONF``
+ variable to determine which sample configuration files to locate.
+
+The ``local.conf`` file provides many basic variables that define a
+build environment. Here is a list of a few. To see the default
+configurations in a ``local.conf`` file created by the build environment
+script, see the
+:yocto_git:`local.conf.sample </poky/tree/meta-poky/conf/templates/default/local.conf.sample>`
+in the ``meta-poky`` layer:
+
+- *Target Machine Selection:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`MACHINE` variable.
+
+- *Download Directory:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`DL_DIR` variable.
+
+- *Shared State Directory:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`SSTATE_DIR` variable.
+
+- *Build Output:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`TMPDIR` variable.
+
+- *Distribution Policy:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`DISTRO` variable.
+
+- *Packaging Format:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`PACKAGE_CLASSES`
+ variable.
+
+- *SDK Target Architecture:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`SDKMACHINE` variable.
+
+- *Extra Image Packages:* Controlled by the
+ :term:`EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES`
+ variable.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Configurations set in the ``conf/local.conf`` file can also be set
+ in the ``conf/site.conf`` and ``conf/auto.conf`` configuration files.
+
+The ``bblayers.conf`` file tells BitBake what layers you want considered
+during the build. By default, the layers listed in this file include
+layers minimally needed by the build system. However, you must manually
+add any custom layers you have created. You can find more information on
+working with the ``bblayers.conf`` file in the
+":ref:`dev-manual/layers:enabling your layer`"
+section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+The files ``site.conf`` and ``auto.conf`` are not created by the
+environment initialization script. If you want the ``site.conf`` file,
+you need to create it yourself. The ``auto.conf`` file is typically
+created by an autobuilder:
+
+- *site.conf:* You can use the ``conf/site.conf`` configuration
+ file to configure multiple build directories. For example, suppose
+ you had several build environments and they shared some common
+ features. You can set these default build properties here. A good
+ example is perhaps the packaging format to use through the
+ :term:`PACKAGE_CLASSES` variable.
+
+- *auto.conf:* The file is usually created and written to by an
+ autobuilder. The settings put into the file are typically the same as
+ you would find in the ``conf/local.conf`` or the ``conf/site.conf``
+ files.
+
+You can edit all configuration files to further define any particular
+build environment. This process is represented by the "User
+Configuration Edits" box in the figure.
+
+When you launch your build with the ``bitbake target`` command, BitBake
+sorts out the configurations to ultimately define your build
+environment. It is important to understand that the
+:term:`OpenEmbedded Build System` reads the
+configuration files in a specific order: ``site.conf``, ``auto.conf``,
+and ``local.conf``. And, the build system applies the normal assignment
+statement rules as described in the
+":doc:`bitbake:bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-metadata`" chapter
+of the BitBake User Manual. Because the files are parsed in a specific
+order, variable assignments for the same variable could be affected. For
+example, if the ``auto.conf`` file and the ``local.conf`` set variable1
+to different values, because the build system parses ``local.conf``
+after ``auto.conf``, variable1 is assigned the value from the
+``local.conf`` file.
+
+Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+The previous section described the user configurations that define
+BitBake's global behavior. This section takes a closer look at the
+layers the build system uses to further control the build. These layers
+provide Metadata for the software, machine, and policies.
+
+In general, there are three types of layer input. You can see them below
+the "User Configuration" box in the `general workflow
+figure <overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`:
+
+- *Metadata (.bb + Patches):* Software layers containing
+ user-supplied recipe files, patches, and append files. A good example
+ of a software layer might be the :oe_layer:`meta-qt5 layer </meta-qt5>`
+ from the :oe_layerindex:`OpenEmbedded Layer Index <>`. This layer is for
+ version 5.0 of the popular `Qt <https://wiki.qt.io/About_Qt>`__
+ cross-platform application development framework for desktop, embedded and
+ mobile.
+
+- *Machine BSP Configuration:* Board Support Package (BSP) layers (i.e.
+ "BSP Layer" in the following figure) providing machine-specific
+ configurations. This type of information is specific to a particular
+ target architecture. A good example of a BSP layer from the
+ :ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:reference distribution (poky)` is the
+ :yocto_git:`meta-yocto-bsp </poky/tree/meta-yocto-bsp>`
+ layer.
+
+- *Policy Configuration:* Distribution Layers (i.e. "Distro Layer" in
+ the following figure) providing top-level or general policies for the
+ images or SDKs being built for a particular distribution. For
+ example, in the Poky Reference Distribution the distro layer is the
+ :yocto_git:`meta-poky </poky/tree/meta-poky>`
+ layer. Within the distro layer is a ``conf/distro`` directory that
+ contains distro configuration files (e.g.
+ :yocto_git:`poky.conf </poky/tree/meta-poky/conf/distro/poky.conf>`
+ that contain many policy configurations for the Poky distribution.
+
+The following figure shows an expanded representation of these three
+layers from the :ref:`general workflow figure
+<overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`:
+
+.. image:: figures/layer-input.png
+ :align: center
+ :width: 70%
+
+In general, all layers have a similar structure. They all contain a
+licensing file (e.g. ``COPYING.MIT``) if the layer is to be distributed,
+a ``README`` file as good practice and especially if the layer is to be
+distributed, a configuration directory, and recipe directories. You can
+learn about the general structure for layers used with the Yocto Project
+in the
+":ref:`dev-manual/layers:creating your own layer`"
+section in the
+Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual. For a general discussion on
+layers and the many layers from which you can draw, see the
+":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:layers`" and
+":ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:the yocto project layer model`" sections both
+earlier in this manual.
+
+If you explored the previous links, you discovered some areas where many
+layers that work with the Yocto Project exist. The :yocto_git:`Source
+Repositories <>` also shows layers categorized under "Yocto Metadata Layers."
+
+.. note::
+
+ There are layers in the Yocto Project Source Repositories that cannot be
+ found in the OpenEmbedded Layer Index. Such layers are either
+ deprecated or experimental in nature.
+
+BitBake uses the ``conf/bblayers.conf`` file, which is part of the user
+configuration, to find what layers it should be using as part of the
+build.
+
+Distro Layer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The distribution layer provides policy configurations for your
+distribution. Best practices dictate that you isolate these types of
+configurations into their own layer. Settings you provide in
+``conf/distro/distro.conf`` override similar settings that BitBake finds
+in your ``conf/local.conf`` file in the :term:`Build Directory`.
+
+The following list provides some explanation and references for what you
+typically find in the distribution layer:
+
+- *classes:* Class files (``.bbclass``) hold common functionality that
+ can be shared among recipes in the distribution. When your recipes
+ inherit a class, they take on the settings and functions for that
+ class. You can read more about class files in the
+ ":ref:`ref-manual/classes:Classes`" chapter of the Yocto
+ Reference Manual.
+
+- *conf:* This area holds configuration files for the layer
+ (``conf/layer.conf``), the distribution
+ (``conf/distro/distro.conf``), and any distribution-wide include
+ files.
+
+- *recipes-*:* Recipes and append files that affect common
+ functionality across the distribution. This area could include
+ recipes and append files to add distribution-specific configuration,
+ initialization scripts, custom image recipes, and so forth. Examples
+ of ``recipes-*`` directories are ``recipes-core`` and
+ ``recipes-extra``. Hierarchy and contents within a ``recipes-*``
+ directory can vary. Generally, these directories contain recipe files
+ (``*.bb``), recipe append files (``*.bbappend``), directories that
+ are distro-specific for configuration files, and so forth.
+
+BSP Layer
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The BSP Layer provides machine configurations that target specific
+hardware. Everything in this layer is specific to the machine for which
+you are building the image or the SDK. A common structure or form is
+defined for BSP layers. You can learn more about this structure in the
+:doc:`/bsp-guide/index`.
+
+.. note::
+
+ In order for a BSP layer to be considered compliant with the Yocto
+ Project, it must meet some structural requirements.
+
+The BSP Layer's configuration directory contains configuration files for
+the machine (``conf/machine/machine.conf``) and, of course, the layer
+(``conf/layer.conf``).
+
+The remainder of the layer is dedicated to specific recipes by function:
+``recipes-bsp``, ``recipes-core``, ``recipes-graphics``,
+``recipes-kernel``, and so forth. There can be metadata for multiple
+formfactors, graphics support systems, and so forth.
+
+.. note::
+
+ While the figure shows several
+ recipes-\*
+ directories, not all these directories appear in all BSP layers.
+
+Software Layer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The software layer provides the Metadata for additional software
+packages used during the build. This layer does not include Metadata
+that is specific to the distribution or the machine, which are found in
+their respective layers.
+
+This layer contains any recipes, append files, and patches, that your
+project needs.
+
+Sources
+-------
+
+In order for the OpenEmbedded build system to create an image or any
+target, it must be able to access source files. The :ref:`general workflow
+figure <overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`
+represents source files using the "Upstream Project Releases", "Local
+Projects", and "SCMs (optional)" boxes. The figure represents mirrors,
+which also play a role in locating source files, with the "Source
+Materials" box.
+
+The method by which source files are ultimately organized is a function
+of the project. For example, for released software, projects tend to use
+tarballs or other archived files that can capture the state of a release
+guaranteeing that it is statically represented. On the other hand, for a
+project that is more dynamic or experimental in nature, a project might
+keep source files in a repository controlled by a Source Control Manager
+(SCM) such as Git. Pulling source from a repository allows you to
+control the point in the repository (the revision) from which you want
+to build software. A combination of the two is also possible.
+
+BitBake uses the :term:`SRC_URI`
+variable to point to source files regardless of their location. Each
+recipe must have a :term:`SRC_URI` variable that points to the source.
+
+Another area that plays a significant role in where source files come
+from is pointed to by the
+:term:`DL_DIR` variable. This area is
+a cache that can hold previously downloaded source. You can also
+instruct the OpenEmbedded build system to create tarballs from Git
+repositories, which is not the default behavior, and store them in the
+:term:`DL_DIR` by using the
+:term:`BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS`
+variable.
+
+Judicious use of a :term:`DL_DIR` directory can save the build system a trip
+across the Internet when looking for files. A good method for using a download
+directory is to have :term:`DL_DIR` point to an area outside of your
+:term:`Build Directory`. Doing so allows you to safely delete the
+:term:`Build Directory` if needed without fear of removing any downloaded
+source file.
+
+The remainder of this section provides a deeper look into the source
+files and the mirrors. Here is a more detailed look at the source file
+area of the :ref:`general workflow figure <overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`:
+
+.. image:: figures/source-input.png
+ :align: center
+ :width: 70%
+
+Upstream Project Releases
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Upstream project releases exist anywhere in the form of an archived file
+(e.g. tarball or zip file). These files correspond to individual
+recipes. For example, the figure uses specific releases each for
+BusyBox, Qt, and Dbus. An archive file can be for any released product
+that can be built using a recipe.
+
+Local Projects
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Local projects are custom bits of software the user provides. These bits
+reside somewhere local to a project --- perhaps a directory into which the
+user checks in items (e.g. a local directory containing a development
+source tree used by the group).
+
+The canonical method through which to include a local project is to use the
+:ref:`ref-classes-externalsrc` class to include that local project. You use
+either the ``local.conf`` or a recipe's append file to override or set the
+recipe to point to the local directory on your disk to pull in the whole
+source tree.
+
+Source Control Managers (Optional)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Another place from which the build system can get source files is with
+:ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-fetching:fetchers` employing
+various Source Control Managers (SCMs) such as Git or Subversion. In such
+cases, a repository is cloned or checked out. The :ref:`ref-tasks-fetch` task
+inside BitBake uses the :term:`SRC_URI` variable and the argument's prefix to
+determine the correct fetcher module.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For information on how to have the OpenEmbedded build system generate
+ tarballs for Git repositories and place them in the :term:`DL_DIR`
+ directory, see the :term:`BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS`
+ variable in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
+
+When fetching a repository, BitBake uses the
+:term:`SRCREV` variable to determine
+the specific revision from which to build.
+
+Source Mirror(s)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are two kinds of mirrors: pre-mirrors and regular mirrors. The
+:term:`PREMIRRORS` and
+:term:`MIRRORS` variables point to
+these, respectively. BitBake checks pre-mirrors before looking upstream
+for any source files. Pre-mirrors are appropriate when you have a shared
+directory that is not a directory defined by the
+:term:`DL_DIR` variable. A Pre-mirror
+typically points to a shared directory that is local to your
+organization.
+
+Regular mirrors can be any site across the Internet that is used as an
+alternative location for source code should the primary site not be
+functioning for some reason or another.
+
+Package Feeds
+-------------
+
+When the OpenEmbedded build system generates an image or an SDK, it gets
+the packages from a package feed area located in the
+:term:`Build Directory`. The :ref:`general workflow figure
+<overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`
+shows this package feeds area in the upper-right corner.
+
+This section looks a little closer into the package feeds area used by
+the build system. Here is a more detailed look at the area:
+
+.. image:: figures/package-feeds.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+Package feeds are an intermediary step in the build process. The
+OpenEmbedded build system provides classes to generate different package
+types, and you specify which classes to enable through the
+:term:`PACKAGE_CLASSES`
+variable. Before placing the packages into package feeds, the build
+process validates them with generated output quality assurance checks
+through the :ref:`ref-classes-insane` class.
+
+The package feed area resides in the :term:`Build Directory`. The directory the
+build system uses to temporarily store packages is determined by a
+combination of variables and the particular package manager in use. See
+the "Package Feeds" box in the illustration and note the information to
+the right of that area. In particular, the following defines where
+package files are kept:
+
+- :term:`DEPLOY_DIR`: Defined as ``tmp/deploy`` in the :term:`Build Directory`.
+
+- ``DEPLOY_DIR_*``: Depending on the package manager used, the package
+ type sub-folder. Given RPM, IPK, or DEB packaging and tarball
+ creation, the
+ :term:`DEPLOY_DIR_RPM`,
+ :term:`DEPLOY_DIR_IPK`, or
+ :term:`DEPLOY_DIR_DEB`
+ variables are used, respectively.
+
+- :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH`: Defines
+ architecture-specific sub-folders. For example, packages could be
+ available for the i586 or qemux86 architectures.
+
+BitBake uses the
+:ref:`do_package_write_* <ref-tasks-package_write_deb>`
+tasks to generate packages and place them into the package holding area
+(e.g. ``do_package_write_ipk`` for IPK packages). See the
+":ref:`ref-tasks-package_write_deb`",
+":ref:`ref-tasks-package_write_ipk`",
+and
+":ref:`ref-tasks-package_write_rpm`"
+sections in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for additional
+information. As an example, consider a scenario where an IPK packaging
+manager is being used and there is package architecture support for both
+i586 and qemux86. Packages for the i586 architecture are placed in
+``build/tmp/deploy/ipk/i586``, while packages for the qemux86
+architecture are placed in ``build/tmp/deploy/ipk/qemux86``.
+
+BitBake Tool
+------------
+
+The OpenEmbedded build system uses
+:term:`BitBake` to produce images and
+Software Development Kits (SDKs). You can see from the :ref:`general workflow
+figure <overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`,
+the BitBake area consists of several functional areas. This section takes a
+closer look at each of those areas.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Documentation for the BitBake tool is available separately. See the
+ :doc:`BitBake User Manual <bitbake:index>`
+ for reference material on BitBake.
+
+Source Fetching
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The first stages of building a recipe are to fetch and unpack the source
+code:
+
+.. image:: figures/source-fetching.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-fetch` and :ref:`ref-tasks-unpack` tasks fetch
+the source files and unpack them into the :term:`Build Directory`.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For every local file (e.g. ``file://``) that is part of a recipe's
+ :term:`SRC_URI` statement, the OpenEmbedded build system takes a
+ checksum of the file for the recipe and inserts the checksum into
+ the signature for the :ref:`ref-tasks-fetch` task. If any local
+ file has been modified, the :ref:`ref-tasks-fetch` task and all
+ tasks that depend on it are re-executed.
+
+By default, everything is accomplished in the :term:`Build Directory`, which has
+a defined structure. For additional general information on the
+:term:`Build Directory`, see the ":ref:`structure-core-build`" section in
+the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
+
+Each recipe has an area in the :term:`Build Directory` where the unpacked
+source code resides. The :term:`S` variable points to this area for a recipe's
+unpacked source code. The name of that directory for any given recipe is
+defined from several different variables. The preceding figure and the
+following list describe the :term:`Build Directory`'s hierarchy:
+
+- :term:`TMPDIR`: The base directory
+ where the OpenEmbedded build system performs all its work during the
+ build. The default base directory is the ``tmp`` directory.
+
+- :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH`: The
+ architecture of the built package or packages. Depending on the
+ eventual destination of the package or packages (i.e. machine
+ architecture, :term:`Build Host`, SDK, or
+ specific machine), :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH` varies. See the variable's
+ description for details.
+
+- :term:`TARGET_OS`: The operating
+ system of the target device. A typical value would be "linux" (e.g.
+ "qemux86-poky-linux").
+
+- :term:`PN`: The name of the recipe used
+ to build the package. This variable can have multiple meanings.
+ However, when used in the context of input files, :term:`PN` represents
+ the name of the recipe.
+
+- :term:`WORKDIR`: The location
+ where the OpenEmbedded build system builds a recipe (i.e. does the
+ work to create the package).
+
+ - :term:`PV`: The version of the
+ recipe used to build the package.
+
+ - :term:`PR`: The revision of the
+ recipe used to build the package.
+
+- :term:`S`: Contains the unpacked source
+ files for a given recipe.
+
+ - :term:`BPN`: The name of the recipe
+ used to build the package. The :term:`BPN` variable is a version of
+ the :term:`PN` variable but with common prefixes and suffixes removed.
+
+ - :term:`PV`: The version of the
+ recipe used to build the package.
+
+.. note::
+
+ In the previous figure, notice that there are two sample hierarchies:
+ one based on package architecture (i.e. :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH`)
+ and one based on a machine (i.e. :term:`MACHINE`).
+ The underlying structures are identical. The differentiator being
+ what the OpenEmbedded build system is using as a build target (e.g.
+ general architecture, a build host, an SDK, or a specific machine).
+
+Patching
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Once source code is fetched and unpacked, BitBake locates patch files
+and applies them to the source files:
+
+.. image:: figures/patching.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-patch` task uses a
+recipe's :term:`SRC_URI` statements
+and the :term:`FILESPATH` variable
+to locate applicable patch files.
+
+Default processing for patch files assumes the files have either
+``*.patch`` or ``*.diff`` file types. You can use :term:`SRC_URI` parameters
+to change the way the build system recognizes patch files. See the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-patch` task for more
+information.
+
+BitBake finds and applies multiple patches for a single recipe in the
+order in which it locates the patches. The :term:`FILESPATH` variable
+defines the default set of directories that the build system uses to
+search for patch files. Once found, patches are applied to the recipe's
+source files, which are located in the
+:term:`S` directory.
+
+For more information on how the source directories are created, see the
+":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:source fetching`" section. For
+more information on how to create patches and how the build system
+processes patches, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/new-recipe:patching code`"
+section in the
+Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual. You can also see the
+":ref:`sdk-manual/extensible:use \`\`devtool modify\`\` to modify the source of an existing component`"
+section in the Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible
+Software Development Kit (SDK) manual and the
+":ref:`kernel-dev/common:using traditional kernel development to patch the kernel`"
+section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.
+
+Configuration, Compilation, and Staging
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+After source code is patched, BitBake executes tasks that configure and
+compile the source code. Once compilation occurs, the files are copied
+to a holding area (staged) in preparation for packaging:
+
+.. image:: figures/configuration-compile-autoreconf.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+This step in the build process consists of the following tasks:
+
+- :ref:`ref-tasks-prepare_recipe_sysroot`:
+ This task sets up the two sysroots in
+ ``${``\ :term:`WORKDIR`\ ``}``
+ (i.e. ``recipe-sysroot`` and ``recipe-sysroot-native``) so that
+ during the packaging phase the sysroots can contain the contents of
+ the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sysroot`
+ tasks of the recipes on which the recipe containing the tasks
+ depends. A sysroot exists for both the target and for the native
+ binaries, which run on the host system.
+
+- *do_configure*: This task configures the source by enabling and
+ disabling any build-time and configuration options for the software
+ being built. Configurations can come from the recipe itself as well
+ as from an inherited class. Additionally, the software itself might
+ configure itself depending on the target for which it is being built.
+
+ The configurations handled by the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-configure` task
+ are specific to configurations for the source code being built by the
+ recipe.
+
+ If you are using the :ref:`ref-classes-autotools` class,
+ you can add additional configuration options by using the
+ :term:`EXTRA_OECONF` or
+ :term:`PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS`
+ variables. For information on how this variable works within that
+ class, see the :ref:`ref-classes-autotools` class
+ :yocto_git:`here </poky/tree/meta/classes-recipe/autotools.bbclass>`.
+
+- *do_compile*: Once a configuration task has been satisfied,
+ BitBake compiles the source using the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-compile` task.
+ Compilation occurs in the directory pointed to by the
+ :term:`B` variable. Realize that the
+ :term:`B` directory is, by default, the same as the
+ :term:`S` directory.
+
+- *do_install*: After compilation completes, BitBake executes the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-install` task.
+ This task copies files from the :term:`B` directory and places them in a
+ holding area pointed to by the :term:`D`
+ variable. Packaging occurs later using files from this holding
+ directory.
+
+Package Splitting
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+After source code is configured, compiled, and staged, the build system
+analyzes the results and splits the output into packages:
+
+.. image:: figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-package` and
+:ref:`ref-tasks-packagedata`
+tasks combine to analyze the files found in the
+:term:`D` directory and split them into
+subsets based on available packages and files. Analysis involves the
+following as well as other items: splitting out debugging symbols,
+looking at shared library dependencies between packages, and looking at
+package relationships.
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-packagedata` task creates package metadata based on the
+analysis such that the build system can generate the final packages. The
+:ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sysroot`
+task stages (copies) a subset of the files installed by the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-install` task into
+the appropriate sysroot. Working, staged, and intermediate results of
+the analysis and package splitting process use several areas:
+
+- :term:`PKGD`: The destination
+ directory (i.e. ``package``) for packages before they are split into
+ individual packages.
+
+- :term:`PKGDESTWORK`: A
+ temporary work area (i.e. ``pkgdata``) used by the :ref:`ref-tasks-package`
+ task to save package metadata.
+
+- :term:`PKGDEST`: The parent
+ directory (i.e. ``packages-split``) for packages after they have been
+ split.
+
+- :term:`PKGDATA_DIR`: A shared,
+ global-state directory that holds packaging metadata generated during
+ the packaging process. The packaging process copies metadata from
+ :term:`PKGDESTWORK` to the :term:`PKGDATA_DIR` area where it becomes globally
+ available.
+
+- :term:`STAGING_DIR_HOST`:
+ The path for the sysroot for the system on which a component is built
+ to run (i.e. ``recipe-sysroot``).
+
+- :term:`STAGING_DIR_NATIVE`:
+ The path for the sysroot used when building components for the build
+ host (i.e. ``recipe-sysroot-native``).
+
+- :term:`STAGING_DIR_TARGET`:
+ The path for the sysroot used when a component that is built to
+ execute on a system and it generates code for yet another machine
+ (e.g. :ref:`ref-classes-cross-canadian` recipes).
+
+The :term:`FILES` variable defines the
+files that go into each package in
+:term:`PACKAGES`. If you want
+details on how this is accomplished, you can look at
+:yocto_git:`package.bbclass </poky/tree/meta/classes-global/package.bbclass>`.
+
+Depending on the type of packages being created (RPM, DEB, or IPK), the
+:ref:`do_package_write_* <ref-tasks-package_write_deb>`
+task creates the actual packages and places them in the Package Feed
+area, which is ``${TMPDIR}/deploy``. You can see the
+":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:package feeds`" section for more detail on
+that part of the build process.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Support for creating feeds directly from the ``deploy/*``
+ directories does not exist. Creating such feeds usually requires some
+ kind of feed maintenance mechanism that would upload the new packages
+ into an official package feed (e.g. the Ångström distribution). This
+ functionality is highly distribution-specific and thus is not
+ provided out of the box.
+
+Image Generation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Once packages are split and stored in the Package Feeds area, the build
+system uses BitBake to generate the root filesystem image:
+
+.. image:: figures/image-generation.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+The image generation process consists of several stages and depends on
+several tasks and variables. The
+:ref:`ref-tasks-rootfs` task creates
+the root filesystem (file and directory structure) for an image. This
+task uses several key variables to help create the list of packages to
+actually install:
+
+- :term:`IMAGE_INSTALL`: Lists
+ out the base set of packages from which to install from the Package
+ Feeds area.
+
+- :term:`PACKAGE_EXCLUDE`:
+ Specifies packages that should not be installed into the image.
+
+- :term:`IMAGE_FEATURES`:
+ Specifies features to include in the image. Most of these features
+ map to additional packages for installation.
+
+- :term:`PACKAGE_CLASSES`:
+ Specifies the package backend (e.g. RPM, DEB, or IPK) to use and
+ consequently helps determine where to locate packages within the
+ Package Feeds area.
+
+- :term:`IMAGE_LINGUAS`:
+ Determines the language(s) for which additional language support
+ packages are installed.
+
+- :term:`PACKAGE_INSTALL`:
+ The final list of packages passed to the package manager for
+ installation into the image.
+
+With :term:`IMAGE_ROOTFS`
+pointing to the location of the filesystem under construction and the
+:term:`PACKAGE_INSTALL` variable providing the final list of packages to
+install, the root file system is created.
+
+Package installation is under control of the package manager (e.g.
+dnf/rpm, opkg, or apt/dpkg) regardless of whether or not package
+management is enabled for the target. At the end of the process, if
+package management is not enabled for the target, the package manager's
+data files are deleted from the root filesystem. As part of the final
+stage of package installation, post installation scripts that are part
+of the packages are run. Any scripts that fail to run on the build host
+are run on the target when the target system is first booted. If you are
+using a
+:ref:`read-only root filesystem <dev-manual/read-only-rootfs:creating a read-only root filesystem>`,
+all the post installation scripts must succeed on the build host during
+the package installation phase since the root filesystem on the target
+is read-only.
+
+The final stages of the :ref:`ref-tasks-rootfs` task handle post processing. Post
+processing includes creation of a manifest file and optimizations.
+
+The manifest file (``.manifest``) resides in the same directory as the root
+filesystem image. This file lists out, line-by-line, the installed packages.
+The manifest file is useful for the :ref:`ref-classes-testimage` class,
+for example, to determine whether or not to run specific tests. See the
+:term:`IMAGE_MANIFEST` variable for additional information.
+
+Optimizing processes that are run across the image include ``mklibs``
+and any other post-processing commands as defined by the
+:term:`ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND`
+variable. The ``mklibs`` process optimizes the size of the libraries.
+
+After the root filesystem is built, processing begins on the image
+through the :ref:`ref-tasks-image`
+task. The build system runs any pre-processing commands as defined by
+the
+:term:`IMAGE_PREPROCESS_COMMAND`
+variable. This variable specifies a list of functions to call before the
+build system creates the final image output files.
+
+The build system dynamically creates :ref:`do_image_* <ref-tasks-image>` tasks as needed,
+based on the image types specified in the
+:term:`IMAGE_FSTYPES` variable.
+The process turns everything into an image file or a set of image files
+and can compress the root filesystem image to reduce the overall size of
+the image. The formats used for the root filesystem depend on the
+:term:`IMAGE_FSTYPES` variable. Compression depends on whether the formats
+support compression.
+
+As an example, a dynamically created task when creating a particular
+image type would take the following form::
+
+ do_image_type
+
+So, if the type
+as specified by the :term:`IMAGE_FSTYPES` were ``ext4``, the dynamically
+generated task would be as follows::
+
+ do_image_ext4
+
+The final task involved in image creation is the
+:ref:`do_image_complete <ref-tasks-image-complete>`
+task. This task completes the image by applying any image post
+processing as defined through the
+:term:`IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND`
+variable. The variable specifies a list of functions to call once the
+build system has created the final image output files.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The entire image generation process is run under
+ Pseudo. Running under Pseudo ensures that the files in the root filesystem
+ have correct ownership.
+
+SDK Generation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to generate the Software
+Development Kit (SDK) installer scripts for both the standard SDK and
+the extensible SDK (eSDK):
+
+.. image:: figures/sdk-generation.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+.. note::
+
+ For more information on the cross-development toolchain generation,
+ see the ":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:cross-development toolchain generation`"
+ section. For information on advantages gained when building a
+ cross-development toolchain using the :ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sdk` task, see the
+ ":ref:`sdk-manual/appendix-obtain:building an sdk installer`" section in
+ the Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software
+ Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
+
+Like image generation, the SDK script process consists of several stages
+and depends on many variables. The
+:ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sdk`
+and
+:ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sdk_ext`
+tasks use these key variables to help create the list of packages to
+actually install. For information on the variables listed in the figure,
+see the ":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:application development sdk`"
+section.
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sdk` task helps create the standard SDK and handles
+two parts: a target part and a host part. The target part is the part
+built for the target hardware and includes libraries and headers. The
+host part is the part of the SDK that runs on the
+:term:`SDKMACHINE`.
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sdk_ext` task helps create the extensible SDK and
+handles host and target parts differently than its counter part does for
+the standard SDK. For the extensible SDK, the task encapsulates the
+build system, which includes everything needed (host and target) for the
+SDK.
+
+Regardless of the type of SDK being constructed, the tasks perform some
+cleanup after which a cross-development environment setup script and any
+needed configuration files are created. The final output is the
+Cross-development toolchain installation script (``.sh`` file), which
+includes the environment setup script.
+
+Stamp Files and the Rerunning of Tasks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For each task that completes successfully, BitBake writes a stamp file
+into the :term:`STAMPS_DIR`
+directory. The beginning of the stamp file's filename is determined by
+the :term:`STAMP` variable, and the end
+of the name consists of the task's name and current :ref:`input
+checksum <overview-manual/concepts:checksums (signatures)>`.
+
+.. note::
+
+ This naming scheme assumes that :term:`BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER`
+ is "OEBasicHash", which is almost always the case in current
+ OpenEmbedded.
+
+To determine if a task needs to be rerun, BitBake checks if a stamp file
+with a matching input checksum exists for the task. In this case,
+the task's output is assumed to exist and still be valid. Otherwise,
+the task is rerun.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The stamp mechanism is more general than the shared state (sstate)
+ cache mechanism described in the
+ ":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:setscene tasks and shared state`" section.
+ BitBake avoids rerunning any task that has a valid stamp file, not just
+ tasks that can be accelerated through the sstate cache.
+
+ However, you should realize that stamp files only serve as a marker
+ that some work has been done and that these files do not record task
+ output. The actual task output would usually be somewhere in
+ :term:`TMPDIR` (e.g. in some
+ recipe's :term:`WORKDIR`.) What
+ the sstate cache mechanism adds is a way to cache task output that
+ can then be shared between build machines.
+
+Since :term:`STAMPS_DIR` is usually a subdirectory of :term:`TMPDIR`, removing
+:term:`TMPDIR` will also remove :term:`STAMPS_DIR`, which means tasks will
+properly be rerun to repopulate :term:`TMPDIR`.
+
+If you want some task to always be considered "out of date", you can
+mark it with the :ref:`nostamp <bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-metadata:variable flags>`
+varflag. If some other task depends on such a task, then that task will
+also always be considered out of date, which might not be what you want.
+
+For details on how to view information about a task's signature, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/debugging:viewing task variable dependencies`"
+section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+Setscene Tasks and Shared State
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The description of tasks so far assumes that BitBake needs to build
+everything and no available prebuilt objects exist. BitBake does support
+skipping tasks if prebuilt objects are available. These objects are
+usually made available in the form of a shared state (sstate) cache.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For information on variables affecting sstate, see the
+ :term:`SSTATE_DIR`
+ and
+ :term:`SSTATE_MIRRORS`
+ variables.
+
+The idea of a setscene task (i.e ``do_taskname_setscene``) is a
+version of the task where instead of building something, BitBake can
+skip to the end result and simply place a set of files into specific
+locations as needed. In some cases, it makes sense to have a setscene
+task variant (e.g. generating package files in the
+:ref:`do_package_write_* <ref-tasks-package_write_deb>`
+task). In other cases, it does not make sense (e.g. a
+:ref:`ref-tasks-patch` task or a
+:ref:`ref-tasks-unpack` task) since
+the work involved would be equal to or greater than the underlying task.
+
+In the build system, the common tasks that have setscene variants are
+:ref:`ref-tasks-package`,
+:ref:`do_package_write_* <ref-tasks-package_write_deb>`,
+:ref:`ref-tasks-deploy`,
+:ref:`ref-tasks-packagedata`, and
+:ref:`ref-tasks-populate_sysroot`.
+Notice that these tasks represent most of the tasks whose output is an
+end result.
+
+The build system has knowledge of the relationship between these tasks
+and other preceding tasks. For example, if BitBake runs
+``do_populate_sysroot_setscene`` for something, it does not make sense
+to run any of the :ref:`ref-tasks-fetch`, :ref:`ref-tasks-unpack`, :ref:`ref-tasks-patch`,
+:ref:`ref-tasks-configure`, :ref:`ref-tasks-compile`, and :ref:`ref-tasks-install` tasks. However, if
+:ref:`ref-tasks-package` needs to be run, BitBake needs to run those other tasks.
+
+It becomes more complicated if everything can come from an sstate cache
+because some objects are simply not required at all. For example, you do
+not need a compiler or native tools, such as quilt, if there isn't anything
+to compile or patch. If the :ref:`do_package_write_* <ref-tasks-package_write_deb>` packages are available
+from sstate, BitBake does not need the :ref:`ref-tasks-package` task data.
+
+To handle all these complexities, BitBake runs in two phases. The first
+is the "setscene" stage. During this stage, BitBake first checks the
+sstate cache for any targets it is planning to build. BitBake does a
+fast check to see if the object exists rather than doing a complete download.
+If nothing exists, the second phase, which is the setscene stage,
+completes and the main build proceeds.
+
+If objects are found in the sstate cache, the build system works
+backwards from the end targets specified by the user. For example, if an
+image is being built, the build system first looks for the packages
+needed for that image and the tools needed to construct an image. If
+those are available, the compiler is not needed. Thus, the compiler is
+not even downloaded. If something was found to be unavailable, or the
+download or setscene task fails, the build system then tries to install
+dependencies, such as the compiler, from the cache.
+
+The availability of objects in the sstate cache is handled by the
+function specified by the :term:`BB_HASHCHECK_FUNCTION`
+variable and returns a list of available objects. The function specified
+by the :term:`BB_SETSCENE_DEPVALID`
+variable is the function that determines whether a given dependency
+needs to be followed, and whether for any given relationship the
+function needs to be passed. The function returns a True or False value.
+
+Images
+------
+
+The images produced by the build system are compressed forms of the root
+filesystem and are ready to boot on a target device. You can see from
+the :ref:`general workflow figure
+<overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>` that BitBake
+output, in part, consists of images. This section takes a closer look at
+this output:
+
+.. image:: figures/images.png
+ :align: center
+ :width: 75%
+
+.. note::
+
+ For a list of example images that the Yocto Project provides, see the
+ ":doc:`/ref-manual/images`" chapter in the Yocto Project Reference
+ Manual.
+
+The build process writes images out to the :term:`Build Directory` inside
+the ``tmp/deploy/images/machine/`` folder as shown in the figure. This
+folder contains any files expected to be loaded on the target device.
+The :term:`DEPLOY_DIR` variable points to the ``deploy`` directory, while the
+:term:`DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE` variable points to the appropriate directory
+containing images for the current configuration.
+
+- kernel-image: A kernel binary file. The
+ :term:`KERNEL_IMAGETYPE`
+ variable determines the naming scheme for the kernel image file.
+ Depending on this variable, the file could begin with a variety of
+ naming strings. The ``deploy/images/``\ machine directory can contain
+ multiple image files for the machine.
+
+- root-filesystem-image: Root filesystems for the target device (e.g.
+ ``*.ext3`` or ``*.bz2`` files). The
+ :term:`IMAGE_FSTYPES`
+ variable determines the root filesystem image type. The
+ ``deploy/images/``\ machine directory can contain multiple root
+ filesystems for the machine.
+
+- kernel-modules: Tarballs that contain all the modules built for the
+ kernel. Kernel module tarballs exist for legacy purposes and can be
+ suppressed by setting the
+ :term:`MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY`
+ variable to "0". The ``deploy/images/``\ machine directory can
+ contain multiple kernel module tarballs for the machine.
+
+- bootloaders: If applicable to the target machine, bootloaders
+ supporting the image. The ``deploy/images/``\ machine directory can
+ contain multiple bootloaders for the machine.
+
+- symlinks: The ``deploy/images/``\ machine folder contains a symbolic
+ link that points to the most recently built file for each machine.
+ These links might be useful for external scripts that need to obtain
+ the latest version of each file.
+
+Application Development SDK
+---------------------------
+
+In the :ref:`general workflow figure
+<overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts>`, the
+output labeled "Application Development SDK" represents an SDK. The SDK
+generation process differs depending on whether you build an extensible
+SDK (e.g. ``bitbake -c populate_sdk_ext`` imagename) or a standard SDK
+(e.g. ``bitbake -c populate_sdk`` imagename). This section takes a
+closer look at this output:
+
+.. image:: figures/sdk.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+The specific form of this output is a set of files that includes a
+self-extracting SDK installer (``*.sh``), host and target manifest
+files, and files used for SDK testing. When the SDK installer file is
+run, it installs the SDK. The SDK consists of a cross-development
+toolchain, a set of libraries and headers, and an SDK environment setup
+script. Running this installer essentially sets up your
+cross-development environment. You can think of the cross-toolchain as
+the "host" part because it runs on the SDK machine. You can think of the
+libraries and headers as the "target" part because they are built for
+the target hardware. The environment setup script is added so that you
+can initialize the environment before using the tools.
+
+.. note::
+
+ - The Yocto Project supports several methods by which you can set up
+ this cross-development environment. These methods include
+ downloading pre-built SDK installers or building and installing
+ your own SDK installer.
+
+ - For background information on cross-development toolchains in the
+ Yocto Project development environment, see the
+ ":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:cross-development toolchain generation`"
+ section.
+
+ - For information on setting up a cross-development environment, see
+ the :doc:`/sdk-manual/index` manual.
+
+All the output files for an SDK are written to the ``deploy/sdk`` folder
+inside the :term:`Build Directory` as shown in the previous figure. Depending
+on the type of SDK, there are several variables to configure these files.
+The variables associated with an extensible SDK are:
+
+- :term:`DEPLOY_DIR`: Points to
+ the ``deploy`` directory.
+
+- :term:`SDK_EXT_TYPE`:
+ Controls whether or not shared state artifacts are copied into the
+ extensible SDK. By default, all required shared state artifacts are
+ copied into the SDK.
+
+- :term:`SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA`:
+ Specifies whether or not packagedata is included in the extensible
+ SDK for all recipes in the "world" target.
+
+- :term:`SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN`:
+ Specifies whether or not the toolchain is included when building the
+ extensible SDK.
+
+- :term:`ESDK_LOCALCONF_ALLOW`:
+ A list of variables allowed through from the build system
+ configuration into the extensible SDK configuration.
+
+- :term:`ESDK_LOCALCONF_REMOVE`:
+ A list of variables not allowed through from the build system
+ configuration into the extensible SDK configuration.
+
+- :term:`ESDK_CLASS_INHERIT_DISABLE`:
+ A list of classes to remove from the
+ :term:`INHERIT` value globally
+ within the extensible SDK configuration.
+
+This next list, shows the variables associated with a standard SDK:
+
+- :term:`DEPLOY_DIR`: Points to
+ the ``deploy`` directory.
+
+- :term:`SDKMACHINE`: Specifies
+ the architecture of the machine on which the cross-development tools
+ are run to create packages for the target hardware.
+
+- :term:`SDKIMAGE_FEATURES`:
+ Lists the features to include in the "target" part of the SDK.
+
+- :term:`TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK`:
+ Lists packages that make up the host part of the SDK (i.e. the part
+ that runs on the :term:`SDKMACHINE`). When you use
+ ``bitbake -c populate_sdk imagename`` to create the SDK, a set of
+ default packages apply. This variable allows you to add more
+ packages.
+
+- :term:`TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK`:
+ Lists packages that make up the target part of the SDK (i.e. the part
+ built for the target hardware).
+
+- :term:`SDKPATHINSTALL`: Defines the
+ default SDK installation path offered by the installation script.
+
+- :term:`SDK_HOST_MANIFEST`:
+ Lists all the installed packages that make up the host part of the
+ SDK. This variable also plays a minor role for extensible SDK
+ development as well. However, it is mainly used for the standard SDK.
+
+- :term:`SDK_TARGET_MANIFEST`:
+ Lists all the installed packages that make up the target part of the
+ SDK. This variable also plays a minor role for extensible SDK
+ development as well. However, it is mainly used for the standard SDK.
+
+Cross-Development Toolchain Generation
+======================================
+
+The Yocto Project does most of the work for you when it comes to
+creating :ref:`sdk-manual/intro:the cross-development toolchain`. This
+section provides some technical background on how cross-development
+toolchains are created and used. For more information on toolchains, you
+can also see the :doc:`/sdk-manual/index` manual.
+
+In the Yocto Project development environment, cross-development
+toolchains are used to build images and applications that run on the
+target hardware. With just a few commands, the OpenEmbedded build system
+creates these necessary toolchains for you.
+
+The following figure shows a high-level build environment regarding
+toolchain construction and use.
+
+.. image:: figures/cross-development-toolchains.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+Most of the work occurs on the Build Host. This is the machine used to
+build images and generally work within the Yocto Project
+environment. When you run
+:term:`BitBake` to create an image, the
+OpenEmbedded build system uses the host ``gcc`` compiler to bootstrap a
+cross-compiler named ``gcc-cross``. The ``gcc-cross`` compiler is what
+BitBake uses to compile source files when creating the target image. You
+can think of ``gcc-cross`` simply as an automatically generated
+cross-compiler that is used internally within BitBake only.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The extensible SDK does not use ``gcc-cross-canadian``
+ since this SDK ships a copy of the OpenEmbedded build system and the
+ sysroot within it contains ``gcc-cross``.
+
+The chain of events that occurs when the standard toolchain is bootstrapped::
+
+ binutils-cross -> linux-libc-headers -> gcc-cross -> libgcc-initial -> glibc -> libgcc -> gcc-runtime
+
+- ``gcc``: The compiler, GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
+
+- ``binutils-cross``: The binary utilities needed in order
+ to run the ``gcc-cross`` phase of the bootstrap operation and build the
+ headers for the C library.
+
+- ``linux-libc-headers``: Headers needed for the cross-compiler and C library build.
+
+- ``libgcc-initial``: An initial version of the gcc support library needed
+ to bootstrap ``glibc``.
+
+- ``libgcc``: The final version of the gcc support library which
+ can only be built once there is a C library to link against.
+
+- ``glibc``: The GNU C Library.
+
+- ``gcc-cross``: The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
+ cross-compiler. This stage results in the actual cross-compiler that
+ BitBake uses when it builds an image for a targeted device.
+
+ This tool is a "native" tool (i.e. it is designed to run on
+ the build host).
+
+- ``gcc-runtime``: Runtime libraries resulting from the toolchain
+ bootstrapping process. This tool produces a binary that consists of
+ the runtime libraries need for the targeted device.
+
+You can use the OpenEmbedded build system to build an installer for the
+relocatable SDK used to develop applications. When you run the
+installer, it installs the toolchain, which contains the development
+tools (e.g., ``gcc-cross-canadian``, ``binutils-cross-canadian``, and
+other ``nativesdk-*`` tools), which are tools native to the SDK (i.e.
+native to :term:`SDK_ARCH`), you need to cross-compile and test your
+software. The figure shows the commands you use to easily build out
+this toolchain. This cross-development toolchain is built to execute on the
+:term:`SDKMACHINE`, which might or might not be the same machine as
+the Build Host.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If your target architecture is supported by the Yocto Project, you
+ can take advantage of pre-built images that ship with the Yocto
+ Project and already contain cross-development toolchain installers.
+
+Here is the bootstrap process for the relocatable toolchain::
+
+ gcc -> binutils-crosssdk -> gcc-crosssdk-initial -> linux-libc-headers -> glibc-initial -> nativesdk-glibc -> gcc-crosssdk -> gcc-cross-canadian
+
+- ``gcc``: The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
+
+- ``binutils-crosssdk``: The bare minimum binary utilities needed in
+ order to run the ``gcc-crosssdk-initial`` phase of the bootstrap
+ operation.
+
+- ``gcc-crosssdk-initial``: An early stage of the bootstrap process for
+ creating the cross-compiler. This stage builds enough of the
+ ``gcc-crosssdk`` and supporting pieces so that the final stage of the
+ bootstrap process can produce the finished cross-compiler. This tool
+ is a "native" binary that runs on the build host.
+
+- ``linux-libc-headers``: Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
+
+- ``glibc-initial``: An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to
+ bootstrap ``nativesdk-glibc``.
+
+- ``nativesdk-glibc``: The Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap the
+ ``gcc-crosssdk``.
+
+- ``gcc-crosssdk``: The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
+ relocatable cross-compiler. The ``gcc-crosssdk`` is a transitory
+ compiler and never leaves the build host. Its purpose is to help in
+ the bootstrap process to create the eventual ``gcc-cross-canadian``
+ compiler, which is relocatable. This tool is also a "native" package
+ (i.e. it is designed to run on the build host).
+
+- ``gcc-cross-canadian``: The final relocatable cross-compiler. When
+ run on the :term:`SDKMACHINE`,
+ this tool produces executable code that runs on the target device.
+ Only one cross-canadian compiler is produced per architecture since
+ they can be targeted at different processor optimizations using
+ configurations passed to the compiler through the compile commands.
+ This circumvents the need for multiple compilers and thus reduces the
+ size of the toolchains.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For information on advantages gained when building a
+ cross-development toolchain installer, see the
+ ":ref:`sdk-manual/appendix-obtain:building an sdk installer`" appendix
+ in the Yocto Project Application Development and the
+ Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
+
+Shared State Cache
+==================
+
+By design, the OpenEmbedded build system builds everything from scratch
+unless :term:`BitBake` can determine
+that parts do not need to be rebuilt. Fundamentally, building from
+scratch is attractive as it means all parts are built fresh and there is
+no possibility of stale data that can cause problems. When
+developers hit problems, they typically default back to building from
+scratch so they have a known state from the start.
+
+Building an image from scratch is both an advantage and a disadvantage
+to the process. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, building from
+scratch ensures that everything is current and starts from a known
+state. However, building from scratch also takes much longer as it
+generally means rebuilding things that do not necessarily need to be
+rebuilt.
+
+The Yocto Project implements shared state code that supports incremental
+builds. The implementation of the shared state code answers the
+following questions that were fundamental roadblocks within the
+OpenEmbedded incremental build support system:
+
+- What pieces of the system have changed and what pieces have not
+ changed?
+
+- How are changed pieces of software removed and replaced?
+
+- How are pre-built components that do not need to be rebuilt from
+ scratch used when they are available?
+
+For the first question, the build system detects changes in the "inputs"
+to a given task by creating a checksum (or signature) of the task's
+inputs. If the checksum changes, the system assumes the inputs have
+changed and the task needs to be rerun. For the second question, the
+shared state (sstate) code tracks which tasks add which output to the
+build process. This means the output from a given task can be removed,
+upgraded or otherwise manipulated. The third question is partly
+addressed by the solution for the second question assuming the build
+system can fetch the sstate objects from remote locations and install
+them if they are deemed to be valid.
+
+.. note::
+
+ - The build system does not maintain
+ :term:`PR` information as part of
+ the shared state packages. Consequently, there are considerations that
+ affect maintaining shared state feeds. For information on how the
+ build system works with packages and can track incrementing :term:`PR`
+ information, see the ":ref:`dev-manual/packages:automatically incrementing a package version number`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+ - The code in the build system that supports incremental builds is
+ complex. For techniques that help you work around issues
+ related to shared state code, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/debugging:viewing metadata used to create the input signature of a shared state task`"
+ and
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/debugging:invalidating shared state to force a task to run`"
+ sections both in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+The rest of this section goes into detail about the overall incremental
+build architecture, the checksums (signatures), and shared state.
+
+Overall Architecture
+--------------------
+
+When determining what parts of the system need to be built, BitBake
+works on a per-task basis rather than a per-recipe basis. You might
+wonder why using a per-task basis is preferred over a per-recipe basis.
+To help explain, consider having the IPK packaging backend enabled and
+then switching to DEB. In this case, the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-install` and
+:ref:`ref-tasks-package` task outputs
+are still valid. However, with a per-recipe approach, the build would
+not include the ``.deb`` files. Consequently, you would have to
+invalidate the whole build and rerun it. Rerunning everything is not the
+best solution. Also, in this case, the core must be "taught" much about
+specific tasks. This methodology does not scale well and does not allow
+users to easily add new tasks in layers or as external recipes without
+touching the packaged-staging core.
+
+Checksums (Signatures)
+----------------------
+
+The shared state code uses a checksum, which is a unique signature of a
+task's inputs, to determine if a task needs to be run again. Because it
+is a change in a task's inputs that triggers a rerun, the process needs
+to detect all the inputs to a given task. For shell tasks, this turns
+out to be fairly easy because the build process generates a "run" shell
+script for each task and it is possible to create a checksum that gives
+you a good idea of when the task's data changes.
+
+To complicate the problem, there are things that should not be included
+in the checksum. First, there is the actual specific build path of a
+given task --- the :term:`WORKDIR`. It
+does not matter if the work directory changes because it should not
+affect the output for target packages. Also, the build process has the
+objective of making native or cross packages relocatable.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Both native and cross packages run on the
+ build host. However, cross packages generate output for the target
+ architecture.
+
+The checksum therefore needs to exclude :term:`WORKDIR`. The simplistic
+approach for excluding the work directory is to set :term:`WORKDIR` to some
+fixed value and create the checksum for the "run" script.
+
+Another problem results from the "run" scripts containing functions that
+might or might not get called. The incremental build solution contains
+code that figures out dependencies between shell functions. This code is
+used to prune the "run" scripts down to the minimum set, thereby
+alleviating this problem and making the "run" scripts much more readable
+as a bonus.
+
+So far, there are solutions for shell scripts. What about Python tasks? The
+same approach applies even though these tasks are more difficult. The
+process needs to figure out what variables a Python function accesses
+and what functions it calls. Again, the incremental build solution
+contains code that first figures out the variable and function
+dependencies, and then creates a checksum for the data used as the input
+to the task.
+
+Like the :term:`WORKDIR` case, there can be situations where dependencies should be
+ignored. For these situations, you can instruct the build process to
+ignore a dependency by using a line like the following::
+
+ PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardepsexclude] = "MACHINE"
+
+This example ensures that the :term:`PACKAGE_ARCHS` variable
+does not depend on the value of :term:`MACHINE`, even if it does
+reference it.
+
+Equally, there are cases where you need to add dependencies BitBake is
+not able to find. You can accomplish this by using a line like the
+following::
+
+ PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardeps] = "MACHINE"
+
+This example explicitly
+adds the :term:`MACHINE` variable as a dependency for :term:`PACKAGE_ARCHS`.
+
+As an example, consider a case with in-line Python where BitBake is not
+able to figure out dependencies. When running in debug mode (i.e. using
+``-DDD``), BitBake produces output when it discovers something for which
+it cannot figure out dependencies. The Yocto Project team has currently
+not managed to cover those dependencies in detail and is aware of the
+need to fix this situation.
+
+Thus far, this section has limited discussion to the direct inputs into
+a task. Information based on direct inputs is referred to as the
+"basehash" in the code. However, the question of a task's indirect
+inputs still exits --- items already built and present in the
+:term:`Build Directory`. The checksum (or
+signature) for a particular task needs to add the hashes of all the
+tasks on which the particular task depends. Choosing which dependencies
+to add is a policy decision. However, the effect is to generate a
+checksum that combines the basehash and the hashes of the task's
+dependencies.
+
+At the code level, there are multiple ways by which both the basehash
+and the dependent task hashes can be influenced. Within the BitBake
+configuration file, you can give BitBake some extra information to help
+it construct the basehash. The following statement effectively results
+in a list of global variable dependency excludes (i.e. variables never
+included in any checksum)::
+
+ BB_BASEHASH_IGNORE_VARS ?= "TMPDIR FILE PATH PWD BB_TASKHASH BBPATH DL_DIR \\
+ SSTATE_DIR THISDIR FILESEXTRAPATHS FILE_DIRNAME HOME LOGNAME SHELL TERM \\
+ USER FILESPATH STAGING_DIR_HOST STAGING_DIR_TARGET COREBASE PRSERV_HOST \\
+ PRSERV_DUMPDIR PRSERV_DUMPFILE PRSERV_LOCKDOWN PARALLEL_MAKE \\
+ CCACHE_DIR EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN CCACHE CCACHE_DISABLE LICENSE_PATH SDKPKGSUFFIX"
+
+The previous example does not include :term:`WORKDIR` since that variable is
+actually constructed as a path within :term:`TMPDIR`, which is included above.
+
+The rules for deciding which hashes of dependent tasks to include
+through dependency chains are more complex and are generally
+accomplished with a Python function. The code in
+``meta/lib/oe/sstatesig.py`` shows two examples of this and also
+illustrates how you can insert your own policy into the system if so
+desired. This file defines the two basic signature generators
+:term:`OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core)` uses: "OEBasic" and
+"OEBasicHash". By default, a dummy "noop" signature handler is enabled
+in BitBake. This means that behavior is unchanged from previous
+versions. OE-Core uses the "OEBasicHash" signature handler by default
+through this setting in the ``bitbake.conf`` file::
+
+ BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER ?= "OEBasicHash"
+
+The "OEBasicHash" :term:`BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER` is the same
+as the "OEBasic" version but adds the task hash to the :ref:`stamp
+files <overview-manual/concepts:stamp files and the rerunning of tasks>`. This
+results in any metadata change that changes the task hash, automatically causing
+the task to be run again. This removes the need to bump
+:term:`PR` values, and changes to metadata
+automatically ripple across the build.
+
+It is also worth noting that the end result of these signature
+generators is to make some dependency and hash information available to
+the build. This information includes:
+
+- ``BB_BASEHASH:task-``\ taskname: The base hashes for each task in the
+ recipe.
+
+- ``BB_BASEHASH_``\ filename\ ``:``\ taskname: The base hashes for each
+ dependent task.
+
+- :term:`BB_TASKHASH`: The hash of the currently running task.
+
+Shared State
+------------
+
+Checksums and dependencies, as discussed in the previous section, solve
+half the problem of supporting a shared state. The other half of the
+problem is being able to use checksum information during the build and
+being able to reuse or rebuild specific components.
+
+The :ref:`ref-classes-sstate` class is a relatively generic implementation of
+how to "capture" a snapshot of a given task. The idea is that the build process
+does not care about the source of a task's output. Output could be freshly
+built or it could be downloaded and unpacked from somewhere. In other words,
+the build process does not need to worry about its origin.
+
+Two types of output exist. One type is just about creating a directory
+in :term:`WORKDIR`. A good example is
+the output of either
+:ref:`ref-tasks-install` or
+:ref:`ref-tasks-package`. The other
+type of output occurs when a set of data is merged into a shared
+directory tree such as the sysroot.
+
+The Yocto Project team has tried to keep the details of the
+implementation hidden in the :ref:`ref-classes-sstate` class. From a user's perspective,
+adding shared state wrapping to a task is as simple as this
+:ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` example taken from the :ref:`ref-classes-deploy` class::
+
+ DEPLOYDIR = "${WORKDIR}/deploy-${PN}"
+ SSTATETASKS += "do_deploy"
+ do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"
+ do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"
+
+ python do_deploy_setscene () {
+ sstate_setscene(d)
+ }
+ addtask do_deploy_setscene
+ do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"
+ do_deploy[stamp-extra-info] = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"
+
+The following list explains the previous example:
+
+- Adding ``do_deploy`` to ``SSTATETASKS`` adds some required sstate-related
+ processing, which is implemented in the :ref:`ref-classes-sstate` class, to
+ before and after the :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` task.
+
+- The ``do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"`` declares that
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` places its output in ``${DEPLOYDIR}`` when run normally
+ (i.e. when not using the sstate cache). This output becomes the input
+ to the shared state cache.
+
+- The ``do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"`` line
+ causes the contents of the shared state cache to be copied to
+ ``${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}``.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ If :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` is not already in the shared state cache or if its input
+ checksum (signature) has changed from when the output was cached, the task
+ runs to populate the shared state cache, after which the contents of the
+ shared state cache is copied to ${:term:`DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE`}. If
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` is in the shared state cache and its signature indicates
+ that the cached output is still valid (i.e. if no relevant task inputs
+ have changed), then the contents of the shared state cache copies
+ directly to ${:term:`DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE`} by the ``do_deploy_setscene`` task
+ instead, skipping the :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` task.
+
+- The following task definition is glue logic needed to make the
+ previous settings effective::
+
+ python do_deploy_setscene () {
+ sstate_setscene(d)
+ }
+ addtask do_deploy_setscene
+
+ ``sstate_setscene()`` takes the flags above as input and accelerates the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` task through the shared state cache if possible. If
+ the task was accelerated, ``sstate_setscene()`` returns True. Otherwise, it
+ returns False, and the normal :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` task runs. For more
+ information, see the ":ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-execution:setscene`"
+ section in the BitBake User Manual.
+
+- The ``do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"`` line creates ``${DEPLOYDIR}``
+ and ``${B}`` before the :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` task runs, and also sets the
+ current working directory of :ref:`ref-tasks-deploy` to ``${B}``. For more
+ information, see the ":ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-metadata:variable flags`"
+ section in the BitBake User Manual.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ In cases where ``sstate-inputdirs`` and ``sstate-outputdirs`` would be
+ the same, you can use ``sstate-plaindirs``. For example, to preserve the
+ ${:term:`PKGD`} and ${:term:`PKGDEST`} output from the :ref:`ref-tasks-package`
+ task, use the following::
+
+ do_package[sstate-plaindirs] = "${PKGD} ${PKGDEST}"
+
+
+- The ``do_deploy[stamp-extra-info] = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"`` line appends extra
+ metadata to the :ref:`stamp file <overview-manual/concepts:stamp files and the rerunning of tasks>`.
+ In this case, the metadata makes the task specific to a machine's architecture.
+ See the ":ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-execution:the task list`"
+ section in the BitBake User Manual for more information on the
+ ``stamp-extra-info`` flag.
+
+- ``sstate-inputdirs`` and ``sstate-outputdirs`` can also be used with
+ multiple directories. For example, the following declares
+ :term:`PKGDESTWORK` and ``SHLIBWORK`` as shared state input directories,
+ which populates the shared state cache, and :term:`PKGDATA_DIR` and
+ ``SHLIBSDIR`` as the corresponding shared state output directories::
+
+ do_package[sstate-inputdirs] = "${PKGDESTWORK} ${SHLIBSWORKDIR}"
+ do_package[sstate-outputdirs] = "${PKGDATA_DIR} ${SHLIBSDIR}"
+
+- These methods also include the ability to take a lockfile when
+ manipulating shared state directory structures, for cases where file
+ additions or removals are sensitive::
+
+ do_package[sstate-lockfile] = "${PACKAGELOCK}"
+
+Behind the scenes, the shared state code works by looking in
+:term:`SSTATE_DIR` and
+:term:`SSTATE_MIRRORS` for
+shared state files. Here is an example::
+
+ SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\
+ file://.* https://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH \
+ file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH"
+
+.. note::
+
+ The shared state directory (:term:`SSTATE_DIR`) is organized into two-character
+ subdirectories, where the subdirectory names are based on the first two
+ characters of the hash.
+ If the shared state directory structure for a mirror has the same structure
+ as :term:`SSTATE_DIR`, you must specify "PATH" as part of the URI to enable the build
+ system to map to the appropriate subdirectory.
+
+The shared state package validity can be detected just by looking at the
+filename since the filename contains the task checksum (or signature) as
+described earlier in this section. If a valid shared state package is
+found, the build process downloads it and uses it to accelerate the
+task.
+
+The build processes use the ``*_setscene`` tasks for the task
+acceleration phase. BitBake goes through this phase before the main
+execution code and tries to accelerate any tasks for which it can find
+shared state packages. If a shared state package for a task is
+available, the shared state package is used. This means the task and any
+tasks on which it is dependent are not executed.
+
+As a real world example, the aim is when building an IPK-based image,
+only the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-package_write_ipk`
+tasks would have their shared state packages fetched and extracted.
+Since the sysroot is not used, it would never get extracted. This is
+another reason why a task-based approach is preferred over a
+recipe-based approach, which would have to install the output from every
+task.
+
+Hash Equivalence
+----------------
+
+The above section explained how BitBake skips the execution of tasks
+whose output can already be found in the Shared State cache.
+
+During a build, it may often be the case that the output / result of a task might
+be unchanged despite changes in the task's input values. An example might be
+whitespace changes in some input C code. In project terms, this is what we define
+as "equivalence".
+
+To keep track of such equivalence, BitBake has to manage three hashes
+for each task:
+
+- The *task hash* explained earlier: computed from the recipe metadata,
+ the task code and the task hash values from its dependencies.
+ When changes are made, these task hashes are therefore modified,
+ causing the task to re-execute. The task hashes of tasks depending on this
+ task are therefore modified too, causing the whole dependency
+ chain to re-execute.
+
+- The *output hash*, a new hash computed from the output of Shared State tasks,
+ tasks that save their resulting output to a Shared State tarball.
+ The mapping between the task hash and its output hash is reported
+ to a new *Hash Equivalence* server. This mapping is stored in a database
+ by the server for future reference.
+
+- The *unihash*, a new hash, initially set to the task hash for the task.
+ This is used to track the *unicity* of task output, and we will explain
+ how its value is maintained.
+
+When Hash Equivalence is enabled, BitBake computes the task hash
+for each task by using the unihash of its dependencies, instead
+of their task hash.
+
+Now, imagine that a Shared State task is modified because of a change in
+its code or metadata, or because of a change in its dependencies.
+Since this modifies its task hash, this task will need re-executing.
+Its output hash will therefore be computed again.
+
+Then, the new mapping between the new task hash and its output hash
+will be reported to the Hash Equivalence server. The server will
+let BitBake know whether this output hash is the same as a previously
+reported output hash, for a different task hash.
+
+If the output hash is already known, BitBake will update the task's
+unihash to match the original task hash that generated that output.
+Thanks to this, the depending tasks will keep a previously recorded
+task hash, and BitBake will be able to retrieve their output from
+the Shared State cache, instead of re-executing them. Similarly, the
+output of further downstream tasks can also be retrieved from Shared
+State.
+
+If the output hash is unknown, a new entry will be created on the Hash
+Equivalence server, matching the task hash to that output.
+The depending tasks, still having a new task hash because of the
+change, will need to re-execute as expected. The change propagates
+to the depending tasks.
+
+To summarize, when Hash Equivalence is enabled, a change in one of the
+tasks in BitBake's run queue doesn't have to propagate to all the
+downstream tasks that depend on the output of this task, causing a
+full rebuild of such tasks, and so on with the next depending tasks.
+Instead, when the output of this task remains identical to previously
+recorded output, BitBake can safely retrieve all the downstream
+task output from the Shared State cache.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Having :doc:`/test-manual/reproducible-builds` is a key ingredient for
+ the stability of the task's output hash. Therefore, the effectiveness
+ of Hash Equivalence strongly depends on it.
+
+ Recipes that are not reproducible may have undesired behavior if hash
+ equivalence is enabled, since the non-reproducible diverging output maybe be
+ remapped to an older sstate object in the cache by the server. If a recipe
+ is non-reproducible in trivial ways, such as different timestamps, this is
+ likely not a problem. However recipes that have more dramatic changes (such
+ as completely different file names) will likely outright fail since the
+ downstream sstate objects are not actually equivalent to what was just
+ built.
+
+This applies to multiple scenarios:
+
+- A "trivial" change to a recipe that doesn't impact its generated output,
+ such as whitespace changes, modifications to unused code paths or
+ in the ordering of variables.
+
+- Shared library updates, for example to fix a security vulnerability.
+ For sure, the programs using such a library should be rebuilt, but
+ their new binaries should remain identical. The corresponding tasks should
+ have a different output hash because of the change in the hash of their
+ library dependency, but thanks to their output being identical, Hash
+ Equivalence will stop the propagation down the dependency chain.
+
+- Native tool updates. Though the depending tasks should be rebuilt,
+ it's likely that they will generate the same output and be marked
+ as equivalent.
+
+This mechanism is enabled by default in Poky, and is controlled by three
+variables:
+
+- :term:`bitbake:BB_HASHSERVE`, specifying a local or remote Hash
+ Equivalence server to use.
+
+- :term:`BB_HASHSERVE_UPSTREAM`, when ``BB_HASHSERVE = "auto"``,
+ allowing to connect the local server to an upstream one.
+
+- :term:`bitbake:BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER`, which must be set to ``OEEquivHash``.
+
+Therefore, the default configuration in Poky corresponds to the
+below settings::
+
+ BB_HASHSERVE = "auto"
+ BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER = "OEEquivHash"
+
+Rather than starting a local server, another possibility is to rely
+on a Hash Equivalence server on a network, by setting::
+
+ BB_HASHSERVE = "<HOSTNAME>:<PORT>"
+
+.. note::
+
+ The shared Hash Equivalence server needs to be maintained together with the
+ Shared State cache. Otherwise, the server could report Shared State hashes
+ that only exist on specific clients.
+
+ We therefore recommend that one Hash Equivalence server be set up to
+ correspond with a given Shared State cache, and to start this server
+ in *read-only mode*, so that it doesn't store equivalences for
+ Shared State caches that are local to clients.
+
+ See the :term:`BB_HASHSERVE` reference for details about starting
+ a Hash Equivalence server.
+
+See the `video <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXEdqGS62Wc>`__
+of Joshua Watt's `Hash Equivalence and Reproducible Builds
+<https://elinux.org/images/3/37/Hash_Equivalence_and_Reproducible_Builds.pdf>`__
+presentation at ELC 2020 for a very synthetic introduction to the
+Hash Equivalence implementation in the Yocto Project.
+
+Automatically Added Runtime Dependencies
+========================================
+
+The OpenEmbedded build system automatically adds common types of runtime
+dependencies between packages, which means that you do not need to
+explicitly declare the packages using
+:term:`RDEPENDS`. There are three automatic
+mechanisms (``shlibdeps``, ``pcdeps``, and ``depchains``) that
+handle shared libraries, package configuration (pkg-config) modules, and
+``-dev`` and ``-dbg`` packages, respectively. For other types of runtime
+dependencies, you must manually declare the dependencies.
+
+- ``shlibdeps``: During the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-package` task of
+ each recipe, all shared libraries installed by the recipe are
+ located. For each shared library, the package that contains the
+ shared library is registered as providing the shared library. More
+ specifically, the package is registered as providing the
+ :wikipedia:`soname <Soname>` of the library. The
+ resulting shared-library-to-package mapping is saved globally in
+ :term:`PKGDATA_DIR` by the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-packagedata`
+ task.
+
+ Simultaneously, all executables and shared libraries installed by the
+ recipe are inspected to see what shared libraries they link against.
+ For each shared library dependency that is found, :term:`PKGDATA_DIR` is
+ queried to see if some package (likely from a different recipe)
+ contains the shared library. If such a package is found, a runtime
+ dependency is added from the package that depends on the shared
+ library to the package that contains the library.
+
+ The automatically added runtime dependency also includes a version
+ restriction. This version restriction specifies that at least the
+ current version of the package that provides the shared library must
+ be used, as if "package (>= version)" had been added to :term:`RDEPENDS`.
+ This forces an upgrade of the package containing the shared library
+ when installing the package that depends on the library, if needed.
+
+ If you want to avoid a package being registered as providing a
+ particular shared library (e.g. because the library is for internal
+ use only), then add the library to
+ :term:`PRIVATE_LIBS` inside
+ the package's recipe.
+
+- ``pcdeps``: During the :ref:`ref-tasks-package` task of each recipe, all
+ pkg-config modules (``*.pc`` files) installed by the recipe are
+ located. For each module, the package that contains the module is
+ registered as providing the module. The resulting module-to-package
+ mapping is saved globally in :term:`PKGDATA_DIR` by the
+ :ref:`ref-tasks-packagedata` task.
+
+ Simultaneously, all pkg-config modules installed by the recipe are
+ inspected to see what other pkg-config modules they depend on. A
+ module is seen as depending on another module if it contains a
+ "Requires:" line that specifies the other module. For each module
+ dependency, :term:`PKGDATA_DIR` is queried to see if some package
+ contains the module. If such a package is found, a runtime dependency
+ is added from the package that depends on the module to the package
+ that contains the module.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ The
+ pcdeps
+ mechanism most often infers dependencies between
+ -dev
+ packages.
+
+- ``depchains``: If a package ``foo`` depends on a package ``bar``,
+ then ``foo-dev`` and ``foo-dbg`` are also made to depend on
+ ``bar-dev`` and ``bar-dbg``, respectively. Taking the ``-dev``
+ packages as an example, the ``bar-dev`` package might provide headers
+ and shared library symlinks needed by ``foo-dev``, which shows the
+ need for a dependency between the packages.
+
+ The dependencies added by ``depchains`` are in the form of
+ :term:`RRECOMMENDS`.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ By default, ``foo-dev`` also has an :term:`RDEPENDS`-style dependency on
+ ``foo``, because the default value of ``RDEPENDS:${PN}-dev`` (set in
+ ``bitbake.conf``) includes "${PN}".
+
+ To ensure that the dependency chain is never broken, ``-dev`` and
+ ``-dbg`` packages are always generated by default, even if the
+ packages turn out to be empty. See the
+ :term:`ALLOW_EMPTY` variable
+ for more information.
+
+The :ref:`ref-tasks-package` task depends on the :ref:`ref-tasks-packagedata`
+task of each recipe in :term:`DEPENDS` through use of a
+``[``\ :ref:`deptask <bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-metadata:variable flags>`\ ``]``
+declaration, which guarantees that the required shared-library /
+module-to-package mapping information will be available when needed as long as
+:term:`DEPENDS` has been correctly set.
+
+Fakeroot and Pseudo
+===================
+
+Some tasks are easier to implement when allowed to perform certain
+operations that are normally reserved for the root user (e.g.
+:ref:`ref-tasks-install`,
+:ref:`do_package_write* <ref-tasks-package_write_deb>`,
+:ref:`ref-tasks-rootfs`, and
+:ref:`do_image_* <ref-tasks-image>`). For example,
+the :ref:`ref-tasks-install` task benefits from being able to set the UID and GID
+of installed files to arbitrary values.
+
+One approach to allowing tasks to perform root-only operations would be
+to require :term:`BitBake` to run as
+root. However, this method is cumbersome and has security issues. The
+approach that is actually used is to run tasks that benefit from root
+privileges in a "fake" root environment. Within this environment, the
+task and its child processes believe that they are running as the root
+user, and see an internally consistent view of the filesystem. As long
+as generating the final output (e.g. a package or an image) does not
+require root privileges, the fact that some earlier steps ran in a fake
+root environment does not cause problems.
+
+The capability to run tasks in a fake root environment is known as
+"`fakeroot <http://man.he.net/man1/fakeroot>`__", which is derived from
+the BitBake keyword/variable flag that requests a fake root environment
+for a task.
+
+In the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`, the program that implements
+fakeroot is known as :yocto_home:`Pseudo </software-item/pseudo/>`. Pseudo
+overrides system calls by using the environment variable ``LD_PRELOAD``,
+which results in the illusion of running as root. To keep track of
+"fake" file ownership and permissions resulting from operations that
+require root permissions, Pseudo uses an SQLite 3 database. This
+database is stored in
+``${``\ :term:`WORKDIR`\ ``}/pseudo/files.db``
+for individual recipes. Storing the database in a file as opposed to in
+memory gives persistence between tasks and builds, which is not
+accomplished using fakeroot.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If you add your own task that manipulates the same files or
+ directories as a fakeroot task, then that task also needs to run
+ under fakeroot. Otherwise, the task cannot run root-only operations,
+ and cannot see the fake file ownership and permissions set by the
+ other task. You need to also add a dependency on
+ ``virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot``, giving the following::
+
+ fakeroot do_mytask () {
+ ...
+ }
+ do_mytask[depends] += "virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+
+
+For more information, see the
+:term:`FAKEROOT* <bitbake:FAKEROOT>` variables in the
+BitBake User Manual. You can also reference the "`Why Not
+Fakeroot? <https://github.com/wrpseudo/pseudo/wiki/WhyNotFakeroot>`__"
+article for background information on Fakeroot and Pseudo.
+
+BitBake Tasks Map
+=================
+
+To understand how BitBake operates in the build directory and environment
+we can consider the following recipes and diagram, to have full picture
+about the tasks that BitBake runs to generate the final package file
+for the recipe.
+
+We will have two recipes as an example:
+
+- ``libhello``: A recipe that provides a shared library
+- ``sayhello``: A recipe that uses ``libhello`` library to do its job
+
+.. note::
+
+ ``sayhello`` depends on ``libhello`` at compile time as it needs the shared
+ library to do the dynamic linking process. It also depends on it at runtime
+ as the shared library loader needs to find the library.
+ For more details about dependencies check :ref:`ref-varlocality-recipe-dependencies`.
+
+``libhello`` sources are as follows:
+
+- ``LICENSE``: This is the license associated with this library
+- ``Makefile``: The file used by ``make`` to build the library
+- ``hellolib.c``: The implementation of the library
+- ``hellolib.h``: The C header of the library
+
+``sayhello`` sources are as follows:
+
+- ``LICENSE``: This is the license associated with this project
+- ``Makefile``: The file used by ``make`` to build the project
+- ``sayhello.c``: The source file of the project
+
+Before presenting the contents of each file, here are the steps
+that we need to follow to accomplish what we want in the first place,
+which is integrating ``sayhello`` in our root file system:
+
+#. Create a Git repository for each project with the corresponding files
+
+#. Create a recipe for each project
+
+#. Make sure that ``sayhello`` recipe :term:`DEPENDS` on ``libhello``
+
+#. Make sure that ``sayhello`` recipe :term:`RDEPENDS` on ``libhello``
+
+#. Add ``sayhello`` to :term:`IMAGE_INSTALL` to integrate it into
+ the root file system
+
+The contents of ``libhello/Makefile`` are::
+
+ LIB=libhello.so
+
+ all: $(LIB)
+
+ $(LIB): hellolib.o
+ $(CC) $< -Wl,-soname,$(LIB).1 -fPIC $(LDFLAGS) -shared -o $(LIB).1.0
+
+ %.o: %.c
+ $(CC) -c $<
+
+ clean:
+ rm -rf *.o *.so*
+
+.. note::
+
+ When creating shared libraries, it is strongly recommended to follow the Linux
+ conventions and guidelines (see `this article
+ <https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html>`__
+ for some background).
+
+.. note::
+
+ When creating ``Makefile`` files, it is strongly recommended to use ``CC``, ``LDFLAGS``
+ and ``CFLAGS`` as BitBake will set them as environment variables according
+ to your build configuration.
+
+The contents of ``libhello/hellolib.h`` are::
+
+ #ifndef HELLOLIB_H
+ #define HELLOLIB_H
+
+ void Hello();
+
+ #endif
+
+The contents of ``libhello/hellolib.c`` are::
+
+ #include <stdio.h>
+
+ void Hello(){
+ puts("Hello from a Yocto demo \n");
+ }
+
+The contents of ``sayhello/Makefile`` are::
+
+ EXEC=sayhello
+ LDFLAGS += -lhello
+
+ all: $(EXEC)
+
+ $(EXEC): sayhello.c
+ $(CC) $< $(LDFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -o $(EXEC)
+
+ clean:
+ rm -rf $(EXEC) *.o
+
+The contents of ``sayhello/sayhello.c`` are::
+
+ #include <hellolib.h>
+
+ int main(){
+ Hello();
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+The contents of ``libhello_0.1.bb`` are::
+
+ SUMMARY = "Hello demo library"
+ DESCRIPTION = "Hello shared library used in Yocto demo"
+
+ # NOTE: Set the License according to the LICENSE file of your project
+ # and then add LIC_FILES_CHKSUM accordingly
+ LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+ # Assuming the branch is main
+ # Change <username> accordingly
+ SRC_URI = "git://github.com/<username>/libhello;branch=main;protocol=https"
+
+ S = "${WORKDIR}/git"
+
+ do_install(){
+ install -d ${D}${includedir}
+ install -d ${D}${libdir}
+
+ install hellolib.h ${D}${includedir}
+ oe_soinstall ${PN}.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}
+ }
+
+The contents of ``sayhello_0.1.bb`` are::
+
+ SUMMARY = "SayHello demo"
+ DESCRIPTION = "SayHello project used in Yocto demo"
+
+ # NOTE: Set the License according to the LICENSE file of your project
+ # and then add LIC_FILES_CHKSUM accordingly
+ LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+ # Assuming the branch is main
+ # Change <username> accordingly
+ SRC_URI = "git://github.com/<username>/sayhello;branch=main;protocol=https"
+
+ DEPENDS += "libhello"
+ RDEPENDS:${PN} += "libhello"
+
+ S = "${WORKDIR}/git"
+
+ do_install(){
+ install -d ${D}/usr/bin
+ install -m 0700 sayhello ${D}/usr/bin
+ }
+
+After placing the recipes in a custom layer we can run ``bitbake sayhello``
+to build the recipe.
+
+The following diagram shows the sequences of tasks that BitBake
+executes to accomplish that.
+
+.. image:: svg/bitbake_tasks_map.*
+ :width: 100%
diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/development-environment.rst b/documentation/overview-manual/development-environment.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d79173ff55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/overview-manual/development-environment.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+
+*****************************************
+The Yocto Project Development Environment
+*****************************************
+
+This chapter takes a look at the Yocto Project development environment.
+The chapter provides Yocto Project Development environment concepts that
+help you understand how work is accomplished in an open source
+environment, which is very different as compared to work accomplished in
+a closed, proprietary environment.
+
+Specifically, this chapter addresses open source philosophy, source
+repositories, workflows, Git, and licensing.
+
+Open Source Philosophy
+======================
+
+Open source philosophy is characterized by software development directed
+by peer production and collaboration through an active community of
+developers. Contrast this to the more standard centralized development
+models used by commercial software companies where a finite set of
+developers produces a product for sale using a defined set of procedures
+that ultimately result in an end product whose architecture and source
+material are closed to the public.
+
+Open source projects conceptually have differing concurrent agendas,
+approaches, and production. These facets of the development process can
+come from anyone in the public (community) who has a stake in the
+software project. The open source environment contains new copyright,
+licensing, domain, and consumer issues that differ from the more
+traditional development environment. In an open source environment, the
+end product, source material, and documentation are all available to the
+public at no cost.
+
+A benchmark example of an open source project is the Linux kernel, which
+was initially conceived and created by Finnish computer science student
+Linus Torvalds in 1991. Conversely, a good example of a non-open source
+project is the Windows family of operating systems developed by
+Microsoft Corporation.
+
+Wikipedia has a good :wikipedia:`historical description of the Open Source
+Philosophy <Open_source>`. You can also find helpful information on how
+to participate in the Linux Community
+`here <https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/index.html>`__.
+
+The Development Host
+====================
+
+A development host or :term:`Build Host` is key to
+using the Yocto Project. Because the goal of the Yocto Project is to
+develop images or applications that run on embedded hardware,
+development of those images and applications generally takes place on a
+system not intended to run the software --- the development host.
+
+You need to set up a development host in order to use it with the Yocto
+Project. Most find that it is best to have a native Linux machine
+function as the development host. However, it is possible to use a
+system that does not run Linux as its operating system as your
+development host. When you have a Mac or Windows-based system, you can
+set it up as the development host by using
+`CROPS <https://github.com/crops/poky-container>`__, which leverages
+`Docker Containers <https://www.docker.com/>`__. Once you take the steps
+to set up a CROPS machine, you effectively have access to a shell
+environment that is similar to what you see when using a Linux-based
+development host. For the steps needed to set up a system using CROPS,
+see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/start:setting up to use cross platforms (crops)`"
+section in
+the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+If your development host is going to be a system that runs a Linux
+distribution, you must still take steps to prepare the system
+for use with the Yocto Project. You need to be sure that the Linux
+distribution on the system is one that supports the Yocto Project. You
+also need to be sure that the correct set of host packages are installed
+that allow development using the Yocto Project. For the steps needed to
+set up a development host that runs Linux, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/start:setting up a native linux host`"
+section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+Once your development host is set up to use the Yocto Project, there
+are several ways of working in the Yocto Project environment:
+
+- *Command Lines, BitBake, and Shells:* Traditional development in the
+ Yocto Project involves using the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`,
+ which uses
+ BitBake, in a command-line environment from a shell on your
+ development host. You can accomplish this from a host that is a
+ native Linux machine or from a host that has been set up with CROPS.
+ Either way, you create, modify, and build images and applications all
+ within a shell-based environment using components and tools available
+ through your Linux distribution and the Yocto Project.
+
+ For a general flow of the build procedures, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/building:building a simple image`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+- *Board Support Package (BSP) Development:* Development of BSPs
+ involves using the Yocto Project to create and test layers that allow
+ easy development of images and applications targeted for specific
+ hardware. To development BSPs, you need to take some additional steps
+ beyond what was described in setting up a development host.
+
+ The :doc:`/bsp-guide/index` provides BSP-related development
+ information. For specifics on development host preparation, see the
+ ":ref:`bsp-guide/bsp:preparing your build host to work with bsp layers`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's
+ Guide.
+
+- *Kernel Development:* If you are going to be developing kernels using
+ the Yocto Project you likely will be using ``devtool``. A workflow
+ using ``devtool`` makes kernel development quicker by reducing
+ iteration cycle times.
+
+ The :doc:`/kernel-dev/index` provides kernel-related
+ development information. For specifics on development host
+ preparation, see the
+ ":ref:`kernel-dev/common:preparing the build host to work on the kernel`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.
+
+- *Using Toaster:* The other Yocto Project development method that
+ involves an interface that effectively puts the Yocto Project into
+ the background is Toaster. Toaster provides an interface to the
+ OpenEmbedded build system. The interface enables you to configure and
+ run your builds. Information about builds is collected and stored in
+ a database. You can use Toaster to configure and start builds on
+ multiple remote build servers.
+
+ For steps that show you how to set up your development host to use
+ Toaster and on how to use Toaster in general, see the
+ :doc:`/toaster-manual/index`.
+
+- *Using the VSCode Extension:* You can use the `Yocto Project BitBake
+ <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
+ extension for Visual Studio Code to start your BitBake builds through a
+ graphical user interface.
+
+ Learn more about the VSCode Extension on the `extension's marketplace page
+ <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__.
+
+Yocto Project Source Repositories
+=================================
+
+The Yocto Project team maintains complete source repositories for all
+Yocto Project files at :yocto_git:`/`. This web-based source
+code browser is organized into categories by function such as IDE
+Plugins, Matchbox, Poky, Yocto Linux Kernel, and so forth. From the
+interface, you can click on any particular item in the "Name" column and
+see the URL at the bottom of the page that you need to clone a Git
+repository for that particular item. Having a local Git repository of
+the :term:`Source Directory`, which
+is usually named "poky", allows you to make changes, contribute to the
+history, and ultimately enhance the Yocto Project's tools, Board Support
+Packages, and so forth.
+
+For any supported release of Yocto Project, you can also go to the
+:yocto_home:`Yocto Project Website <>` and select the "DOWNLOADS"
+item from the "SOFTWARE" menu and get a released tarball of the ``poky``
+repository, any supported BSP tarball, or Yocto Project tools. Unpacking
+these tarballs gives you a snapshot of the released files.
+
+.. note::
+
+ - The recommended method for setting up the Yocto Project
+ :term:`Source Directory` and the files
+ for supported BSPs (e.g., ``meta-intel``) is to use
+ :ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:git`
+ to create a local copy of the upstream repositories.
+
+ - Be sure to always work in matching branches for both the selected
+ BSP repository and the Source Directory (i.e. ``poky``)
+ repository. For example, if you have checked out the "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;"
+ branch of ``poky`` and you are going to use ``meta-intel``, be
+ sure to checkout the "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch of ``meta-intel``.
+
+In summary, here is where you can get the project files needed for
+development:
+
+- :yocto_git:`Source Repositories: <>` This area contains Poky, Yocto
+ documentation, metadata layers, and Linux kernel. You can create local
+ copies of Git repositories for each of these areas.
+
+ .. image:: figures/source-repos.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+ For steps on how to view and access these upstream Git repositories,
+ see the ":ref:`dev-manual/start:accessing source repositories`"
+ Section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+- :yocto_dl:`Yocto release archives: </releases/yocto>` This is where you can
+ download tarballs corresponding to each Yocto Project release. Downloading
+ and extracting these files does not produce a local copy of a Git repository
+ but rather a snapshot corresponding to a particular release.
+
+- :yocto_home:`DOWNLOADS page </software-overview/downloads/>`:
+ The :yocto_home:`Yocto Project website <>` includes a "DOWNLOADS" page accessible
+ through the "SOFTWARE" menu that allows you to download any Yocto
+ Project release, tool, and Board Support Package (BSP) in tarball
+ form. The hyperlinks point to the tarballs under
+ :yocto_dl:`/releases/yocto/`.
+
+ .. image:: figures/yp-download.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+ For steps on how to use the "DOWNLOADS" page, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/start:using the downloads page`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+Git Workflows and the Yocto Project
+===================================
+
+Developing using the Yocto Project likely requires the use of
+:ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:git`.
+Git is a free, open source distributed version control
+system used as part of many collaborative design environments. This
+section provides workflow concepts using the Yocto Project and Git. In
+particular, the information covers basic practices that describe roles
+and actions in a collaborative development environment.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If you are familiar with this type of development environment, you
+ might not want to read this section.
+
+The Yocto Project files are maintained using Git in "branches" whose Git
+histories track every change and whose structures provide branches for
+all diverging functionality. Although there is no need to use Git, many
+open source projects do so.
+
+For the Yocto Project, a key individual called the "maintainer" is
+responsible for the integrity of the development branch of a given Git
+repository. The development branch is the "upstream" repository from which
+final or most recent builds of a project occur. The maintainer is
+responsible for accepting changes from other developers and for
+organizing the underlying branch structure to reflect release strategies
+and so forth.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For information on finding out who is responsible for (maintains) a
+ particular area of code in the Yocto Project, see the
+ ":doc:`../contributor-guide/identify-component`"
+ section of the Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded Contributor Guide.
+
+The Yocto Project ``poky`` Git repository also has an upstream
+contribution Git repository named ``poky-contrib``. You can see all the
+branches in this repository using the web interface of the
+:yocto_git:`Source Repositories <>` organized within the "Poky Support"
+area. These branches hold changes (commits) to the project that have
+been submitted or committed by the Yocto Project development team and by
+community members who contribute to the project. The maintainer
+determines if the changes are qualified to be moved from the "contrib"
+branches into the "master" branch of the Git repository.
+
+Developers (including contributing community members) create and
+maintain cloned repositories of upstream branches. The cloned
+repositories are local to their development platforms and are used to
+develop changes. When a developer is satisfied with a particular feature
+or change, they "push" the change to the appropriate "contrib"
+repository.
+
+Developers are responsible for keeping their local repository up-to-date
+with whatever upstream branch they are working against. They are also
+responsible for straightening out any conflicts that might arise within
+files that are being worked on simultaneously by more than one person.
+All this work is done locally on the development host before anything is
+pushed to a "contrib" area and examined at the maintainer's level.
+
+There is a somewhat formal method by which developers commit changes and
+push them into the "contrib" area and subsequently request that the
+maintainer include them into an upstream branch. This process is called
+"submitting a patch" or "submitting a change." For information on
+submitting patches and changes, see the
+":doc:`../contributor-guide/submit-changes`" section in the Yocto Project
+and OpenEmbedded Contributor Guide.
+
+In summary, there is a single point of entry for changes into the
+development branch of the Git repository, which is controlled by the
+project's maintainer. A set of developers independently
+develop, test, and submit changes to "contrib" areas for the maintainer
+to examine. The maintainer then chooses which changes are going to
+become a permanent part of the project.
+
+.. image:: svg/git-workflow.*
+ :width: 100%
+
+While each development environment is unique, there are some best
+practices or methods that help development run smoothly. The following
+list describes some of these practices. For more information about Git
+workflows, see the workflow topics in the `Git Community
+Book <https://book.git-scm.com>`__.
+
+- *Make Small Changes:* It is best to keep the changes you commit small
+ as compared to bundling many disparate changes into a single commit.
+ This practice not only keeps things manageable but also allows the
+ maintainer to more easily include or refuse changes.
+
+- *Make Complete Changes:* It is also good practice to leave the
+ repository in a state that allows you to still successfully build
+ your project. In other words, do not commit half of a feature, then
+ add the other half as a separate, later commit. Each commit should
+ take you from one buildable project state to another buildable state.
+
+- *Use Branches Liberally:* It is very easy to create, use, and delete
+ local branches in your working Git repository on the development
+ host. You can name these branches anything you like. It is helpful to
+ give them names associated with the particular feature or change on
+ which you are working. Once you are done with a feature or change and
+ have merged it into your local development branch, simply discard the
+ temporary branch.
+
+- *Merge Changes:* The ``git merge`` command allows you to take the
+ changes from one branch and fold them into another branch. This
+ process is especially helpful when more than a single developer might
+ be working on different parts of the same feature. Merging changes
+ also automatically identifies any collisions or "conflicts" that
+ might happen as a result of the same lines of code being altered by
+ two different developers.
+
+- *Manage Branches:* Because branches are easy to use, you should use a
+ system where branches indicate varying levels of code readiness. For
+ example, you can have a "work" branch to develop in, a "test" branch
+ where the code or change is tested, a "stage" branch where changes
+ are ready to be committed, and so forth. As your project develops,
+ you can merge code across the branches to reflect ever-increasing
+ stable states of the development.
+
+- *Use Push and Pull:* The push-pull workflow is based on the concept
+ of developers "pushing" local commits to a remote repository, which
+ is usually a contribution repository. This workflow is also based on
+ developers "pulling" known states of the project down into their
+ local development repositories. The workflow easily allows you to
+ pull changes submitted by other developers from the upstream
+ repository into your work area ensuring that you have the most recent
+ software on which to develop. The Yocto Project has two scripts named
+ ``create-pull-request`` and ``send-pull-request`` that ship with the
+ release to facilitate this workflow. You can find these scripts in
+ the ``scripts`` folder of the :term:`Source Directory`. For information
+ on how to use these scripts, see the
+ ":ref:`contributor-guide/submit-changes:using scripts to push a change upstream and request a pull`"
+ section in the Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded Contributor Guide.
+
+- *Patch Workflow:* This workflow allows you to notify the maintainer
+ through an email that you have a change (or patch) you would like
+ considered for the development branch of the Git repository. To send
+ this type of change, you format the patch and then send the email
+ using the Git commands ``git format-patch`` and ``git send-email``.
+ For information on how to use these scripts, see the
+ ":doc:`../contributor-guide/submit-changes`" section in the Yocto Project
+ and OpenEmbedded Contributor Guide.
+
+Git
+===
+
+The Yocto Project makes extensive use of Git, which is a free, open
+source distributed version control system. Git supports distributed
+development, non-linear development, and can handle large projects. It
+is best that you have some fundamental understanding of how Git tracks
+projects and how to work with Git if you are going to use the Yocto
+Project for development. This section provides a quick overview of how
+Git works and provides you with a summary of some essential Git
+commands.
+
+.. note::
+
+ - For more information on Git, see
+ https://git-scm.com/documentation.
+
+ - If you need to download Git, it is recommended that you add Git to
+ your system through your distribution's "software store" (e.g. for
+ Ubuntu, use the Ubuntu Software feature). For the Git download
+ page, see https://git-scm.com/download.
+
+ - For information beyond the introductory nature in this section,
+ see the ":ref:`dev-manual/start:locating yocto project source files`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+Repositories, Tags, and Branches
+--------------------------------
+
+As mentioned briefly in the previous section and also in the
+":ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:git workflows and the yocto project`"
+section, the Yocto Project maintains source repositories at :yocto_git:`/`.
+If you look at this web-interface of the repositories, each item is a separate
+Git repository.
+
+Git repositories use branching techniques that track content change (not
+files) within a project (e.g. a new feature or updated documentation).
+Creating a tree-like structure based on project divergence allows for
+excellent historical information over the life of a project. This
+methodology also allows for an environment from which you can do lots of
+local experimentation on projects as you develop changes or new
+features.
+
+A Git repository represents all development efforts for a given project.
+For example, the Git repository ``poky`` contains all changes and
+developments for that repository over the course of its entire life.
+That means that all changes that make up all releases are captured. The
+repository maintains a complete history of changes.
+
+You can create a local copy of any repository by "cloning" it with the
+``git clone`` command. When you clone a Git repository, you end up with
+an identical copy of the repository on your development system. Once you
+have a local copy of a repository, you can take steps to develop
+locally. For examples on how to clone Git repositories, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/start:locating yocto project source files`"
+section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+It is important to understand that Git tracks content change and not
+files. Git uses "branches" to organize different development efforts.
+For example, the ``poky`` repository has several branches that include
+the current "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch, the "master" branch, and many
+branches for past Yocto Project releases. You can see all the branches
+by going to :yocto_git:`/poky/` and clicking on the
+``[...]`` link beneath the "Branch" heading.
+
+Each of these branches represents a specific area of development. The
+"master" branch represents the current or most recent development. All
+other branches represent offshoots of the "master" branch.
+
+When you create a local copy of a Git repository, the copy has the same
+set of branches as the original. This means you can use Git to create a
+local working area (also called a branch) that tracks a specific
+development branch from the upstream source Git repository. In other
+words, you can define your local Git environment to work on any
+development branch in the repository. To help illustrate, consider the
+following example Git commands::
+
+ $ cd ~
+ $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky -b &DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;
+
+In the previous example
+after moving to the home directory, the ``git clone`` command creates a
+local copy of the upstream ``poky`` Git repository and checks out a
+local branch named "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;", which tracks the upstream
+"origin/&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch. Changes you make while in this
+branch would ultimately affect the upstream "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch
+of the ``poky`` repository.
+
+It is important to understand that when you create and checkout a local
+working branch based on a branch name, your local environment matches
+the "tip" of that particular development branch at the time you created
+your local branch, which could be different from the files in the
+"master" branch of the upstream repository. In other words, creating and
+checking out a local branch based on the "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch
+name is not the same as checking out the "master" branch in the
+repository. Keep reading to see how you create a local snapshot of a
+Yocto Project Release.
+
+Git uses "tags" to mark specific changes in a repository branch
+structure. Typically, a tag is used to mark a special point such as the
+final change (or commit) before a project is released. You can see the
+tags used with the ``poky`` Git repository by going to :yocto_git:`/poky/`
+and clicking on the ``[...]`` link beneath the "Tag" heading.
+
+Some key tags for the ``poky`` repository are ``jethro-14.0.3``,
+``morty-16.0.1``, ``pyro-17.0.0``, and
+``&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;-&DISTRO;``. These tags represent Yocto Project
+releases.
+
+When you create a local copy of the Git repository, you also have access
+to all the tags in the upstream repository. Similar to branches, you can
+create and checkout a local working Git branch based on a tag name. When
+you do this, you get a snapshot of the Git repository that reflects the
+state of the files when the change was made associated with that tag.
+The most common use is to checkout a working branch that matches a
+specific Yocto Project release. Here is an example::
+
+ $ cd ~
+ $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky
+ $ cd poky
+ $ git fetch --tags
+ $ git checkout tags/rocko-18.0.0 -b my_rocko-18.0.0
+
+In this example, the name
+of the top-level directory of your local Yocto Project repository is
+``poky``. After moving to the ``poky`` directory, the ``git fetch``
+command makes all the upstream tags available locally in your
+repository. Finally, the ``git checkout`` command creates and checks out
+a branch named "my-rocko-18.0.0" that is based on the upstream branch
+whose "HEAD" matches the commit in the repository associated with the
+"rocko-18.0.0" tag. The files in your repository now exactly match that
+particular Yocto Project release as it is tagged in the upstream Git
+repository. It is important to understand that when you create and
+checkout a local working branch based on a tag, your environment matches
+a specific point in time and not the entire development branch (i.e.
+from the "tip" of the branch backwards).
+
+Basic Commands
+--------------
+
+Git has an extensive set of commands that lets you manage changes and
+perform collaboration over the life of a project. Conveniently though,
+you can manage with a small set of basic operations and workflows once
+you understand the basic philosophy behind Git. You do not have to be an
+expert in Git to be functional. A good place to look for instruction on
+a minimal set of Git commands is
+`here <https://git-scm.com/documentation>`__.
+
+The following list of Git commands briefly describes some basic Git
+operations as a way to get started. As with any set of commands, this
+list (in most cases) simply shows the base command and omits the many
+arguments it supports. See the Git documentation for complete
+descriptions and strategies on how to use these commands:
+
+- *git init:* Initializes an empty Git repository. You cannot use
+ Git commands unless you have a ``.git`` repository.
+
+- *git clone:* Creates a local clone of a Git repository that is on
+ equal footing with a fellow developer's Git repository or an upstream
+ repository.
+
+- *git add:* Locally stages updated file contents to the index that
+ Git uses to track changes. You must stage all files that have changed
+ before you can commit them.
+
+- *git commit:* Creates a local "commit" that documents the changes
+ you made. Only changes that have been staged can be committed.
+ Commits are used for historical purposes, for determining if a
+ maintainer of a project will allow the change, and for ultimately
+ pushing the change from your local Git repository into the project's
+ upstream repository.
+
+- *git status:* Reports any modified files that possibly need to be
+ staged and gives you a status of where you stand regarding local
+ commits as compared to the upstream repository.
+
+- *git checkout branch-name:* Changes your local working branch and
+ in this form assumes the local branch already exists. This command is
+ analogous to "cd".
+
+- *git checkout -b working-branch upstream-branch:* Creates and
+ checks out a working branch on your local machine. The local branch
+ tracks the upstream branch. You can use your local branch to isolate
+ your work. It is a good idea to use local branches when adding
+ specific features or changes. Using isolated branches facilitates
+ easy removal of changes if they do not work out.
+
+- *git branch:* Displays the existing local branches associated
+ with your local repository. The branch that you have currently
+ checked out is noted with an asterisk character.
+
+- *git branch -D branch-name:* Deletes an existing local branch.
+ You need to be in a local branch other than the one you are deleting
+ in order to delete branch-name.
+
+- *git pull \-\-rebase*: Retrieves information from an upstream Git
+ repository and places it in your local Git repository. You use this
+ command to make sure you are synchronized with the repository from
+ which you are basing changes (e.g. the "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;"
+ branch). The ``--rebase`` option ensures that any local commits you
+ have in your branch are preserved at the top of your local branch.
+
+- *git push repo-name local-branch:upstream-branch:* Sends
+ all your committed local changes to the upstream Git repository that
+ your local repository is tracking (e.g. a contribution repository).
+ The maintainer of the project draws from these repositories to merge
+ changes (commits) into the appropriate branch of project's upstream
+ repository.
+
+- *git merge:* Combines or adds changes from one local branch of
+ your repository with another branch. When you create a local Git
+ repository, the default branch may be named "main". A typical
+ workflow is to create a temporary branch that is based off "main"
+ that you would use for isolated work. You would make your changes in
+ that isolated branch, stage and commit them locally, switch to the
+ "main" branch, and then use the ``git merge`` command to apply the
+ changes from your isolated branch into the currently checked out
+ branch (e.g. "main"). After the merge is complete and if you are
+ done with working in that isolated branch, you can safely delete the
+ isolated branch.
+
+- *git cherry-pick commits:* Choose and apply specific commits from
+ one branch into another branch. There are times when you might not be
+ able to merge all the changes in one branch with another but need to
+ pick out certain ones.
+
+- *gitk:* Provides a GUI view of the branches and changes in your
+ local Git repository. This command is a good way to graphically see
+ where things have diverged in your local repository.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ You need to install the
+ gitk
+ package on your development system to use this command.
+
+- *git log:* Reports a history of your commits to the repository.
+ This report lists all commits regardless of whether you have pushed
+ them upstream or not.
+
+- *git diff:* Displays line-by-line differences between a local
+ working file and the same file as understood by Git. This command is
+ useful to see what you have changed in any given file.
+
+Licensing
+=========
+
+Because open source projects are open to the public, they have different
+licensing structures in place. License evolution for both Open Source
+and Free Software has an interesting history. If you are interested in
+this history, you can find basic information here:
+
+- :wikipedia:`Open source license history <Open-source_license>`
+
+- :wikipedia:`Free software license history <Free_software_license>`
+
+In general, the Yocto Project is broadly licensed under the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) License. MIT licensing
+permits the reuse of software within proprietary software as long as the
+license is distributed with that software. Patches to the Yocto Project
+follow the upstream licensing scheme. You can find information on the
+MIT license :wikipedia:`here <MIT_License>`.
+
+When you build an image using the Yocto Project, the build process uses
+a known list of licenses to ensure compliance. You can find this list in
+the :term:`Source Directory` at ``meta/files/common-licenses``. Once the
+build completes, the list of all licenses found and used during that build
+are kept in the :term:`Build Directory` at ``tmp/deploy/licenses``.
+
+If a module requires a license that is not in the base list, the build
+process generates a warning during the build. These tools make it easier
+for a developer to be certain of the licenses with which their shipped
+products must comply. However, even with these tools it is still up to
+the developer to resolve potential licensing issues.
+
+The base list of licenses used by the build process is a combination of
+the Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) list and the Open Source
+Initiative (OSI) projects. `SPDX Group <https://spdx.org>`__ is a working
+group of the Linux Foundation that maintains a specification for a
+standard format for communicating the components, licenses, and
+copyrights associated with a software package.
+`OSI <https://opensource.org>`__ is a corporation dedicated to the Open
+Source Definition and the effort for reviewing and approving licenses
+that conform to the Open Source Definition (OSD).
+
+You can find a list of the combined SPDX and OSI licenses that the Yocto
+Project uses in the ``meta/files/common-licenses`` directory in your
+:term:`Source Directory`.
+
+For information that can help you maintain compliance with various open
+source licensing during the lifecycle of a product created using the
+Yocto Project, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/licenses:maintaining open source license compliance during your product's lifecycle`"
+section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
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@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+
+==========================================
+Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual
+==========================================
+
+|
+
+.. toctree::
+ :caption: Table of Contents
+ :numbered:
+
+ intro
+ yp-intro
+ development-environment
+ concepts
+
+.. include:: /boilerplate.rst
diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/intro.rst b/documentation/overview-manual/intro.rst
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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+
+**********************************************
+The Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual
+**********************************************
+
+Welcome
+=======
+
+Welcome to the Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual! This manual
+introduces the Yocto Project by providing concepts, software overviews,
+best-known-methods (BKMs), and any other high-level introductory
+information suitable for a new Yocto Project user.
+
+Here is what you can get from this manual:
+
+- :ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:introducing the yocto project`\ *:*
+ This chapter provides an introduction to the Yocto Project. You will learn
+ about features and challenges of the Yocto Project, the layer model,
+ components and tools, development methods, the
+ :term:`Poky` reference distribution, the
+ OpenEmbedded build system workflow, and some basic Yocto terms.
+
+- :ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:the yocto project development environment`\ *:*
+ This chapter helps you get started understanding the Yocto Project
+ development environment. You will learn about open source, development hosts,
+ Yocto Project source repositories, workflows using Git and the Yocto
+ Project, a Git primer, and information about licensing.
+
+- :doc:`/overview-manual/concepts` *:* This
+ chapter presents various concepts regarding the Yocto Project. You
+ can find conceptual information about components, development,
+ cross-toolchains, and so forth.
+
+This manual does not give you the following:
+
+- *Step-by-step Instructions for Development Tasks:* Instructional
+ procedures reside in other manuals within the Yocto Project
+ documentation set. For example, the :doc:`/dev-manual/index`
+ provides examples on how to perform
+ various development tasks. As another example, the
+ :doc:`/sdk-manual/index` manual contains detailed
+ instructions on how to install an SDK, which is used to develop
+ applications for target hardware.
+
+- *Reference Material:* This type of material resides in an appropriate
+ reference manual. For example, system variables are documented in the
+ :doc:`/ref-manual/index`. As another
+ example, the :doc:`/bsp-guide/index` contains reference information on
+ BSPs.
+
+- *Detailed Public Information Not Specific to the Yocto Project:* For
+ example, exhaustive information on how to use the Source Control
+ Manager Git is better covered with Internet searches and official Git
+ Documentation than through the Yocto Project documentation.
+
+Other Information
+=================
+
+Because this manual presents information for many different topics,
+supplemental information is recommended for full comprehension. For
+additional introductory information on the Yocto Project, see the
+:yocto_home:`Yocto Project Website <>`. If you want to build an image
+with no knowledge of Yocto Project as a way of quickly testing it out,
+see the :doc:`/brief-yoctoprojectqs/index` document.
+For a comprehensive list of links and other documentation, see the
+":ref:`Links and Related
+Documentation <resources-links-and-related-documentation>`"
+section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
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-[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
-
-<chapter id=' overview-manual-concepts'>
-<title>Yocto Project Concepts</title>
-
- <para>
- This chapter provides explanations for Yocto Project concepts that
- go beyond the surface of "how-to" information and reference (or
- look-up) material.
- Concepts such as components, the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- workflow, cross-development toolchains, shared state cache, and so
- forth are explained.
- </para>
-
- <section id='yocto-project-components'>
- <title>Yocto Project Components</title>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
- task executor together with various types of configuration files
- form the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OpenEmbedded-Core</ulink>.
- This section overviews these components by describing their use and
- how they interact.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake handles the parsing and execution of the data files.
- The data itself is of various types:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Recipes:</emphasis>
- Provides details about particular pieces of software.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Class Data:</emphasis>
- Abstracts common build information (e.g. how to build a
- Linux kernel).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Configuration Data:</emphasis>
- Defines machine-specific settings, policy decisions, and
- so forth.
- Configuration data acts as the glue to bind everything
- together.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake knows how to combine multiple data sources together and
- refers to each data source as a layer.
- For information on layers, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
- section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Following are some brief details on these core components.
- For additional information on how these components interact during
- a build, see the
- "<link linkend='openembedded-build-system-build-concepts'>OpenEmbedded Build System Concepts</link>"
- section.
- </para>
-
- <section id='usingpoky-components-bitbake'>
- <title>BitBake</title>
-
- <para>
- BitBake is the tool at the heart of the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- and is responsible for parsing the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>,
- generating a list of tasks from it, and then executing those
- tasks.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This section briefly introduces BitBake.
- If you want more information on BitBake, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- To see a list of the options BitBake supports, use either of
- the following commands:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- $ bitbake -h
- $ bitbake --help
- </literallayout>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The most common usage for BitBake is
- <filename>bitbake <replaceable>packagename</replaceable></filename>,
- where <filename>packagename</filename> is the name of the
- package you want to build (referred to as the "target").
- The target often equates to the first part of a recipe's
- filename (e.g. "foo" for a recipe named
- <filename>foo_1.3.0-r0.bb</filename>).
- So, to process the
- <filename>matchbox-desktop_1.2.3.bb</filename> recipe file, you
- might type the following:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- $ bitbake matchbox-desktop
- </literallayout>
- Several different versions of
- <filename>matchbox-desktop</filename> might exist.
- BitBake chooses the one selected by the distribution
- configuration.
- You can get more details about how BitBake chooses between
- different target versions and providers in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bb-bitbake-preferences'>Preferences</ulink>"
- section of the BitBake User Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake also tries to execute any dependent tasks first.
- So for example, before building
- <filename>matchbox-desktop</filename>, BitBake would build a
- cross compiler and <filename>glibc</filename> if they had not
- already been built.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A useful BitBake option to consider is the
- <filename>-k</filename> or <filename>--continue</filename>
- option.
- This option instructs BitBake to try and continue processing
- the job as long as possible even after encountering an error.
- When an error occurs, the target that failed and those that
- depend on it cannot be remade.
- However, when you use this option other dependencies can
- still be processed.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='overview-components-recipes'>
- <title>Recipes</title>
-
- <para>
- Files that have the <filename>.bb</filename> suffix are
- "recipes" files.
- In general, a recipe contains information about a single piece
- of software.
- This information includes the location from which to download
- the unaltered source, any source patches to be applied to that
- source (if needed), which special configuration options to
- apply, how to compile the source files, and how to package the
- compiled output.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The term "package" is sometimes used to refer to recipes.
- However, since the word "package" is used for the packaged
- output from the OpenEmbedded build system (i.e.
- <filename>.ipk</filename> or <filename>.deb</filename> files),
- this document avoids using the term "package" when referring
- to recipes.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='overview-components-classes'>
- <title>Classes</title>
-
- <para>
- Class files (<filename>.bbclass</filename>) contain information
- that is useful to share between recipes files.
- An example is the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
- class, which contains common settings for any application that
- Autotools uses.
- The
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes'>Classes</ulink>"
- chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual provides
- details about classes and how to use them.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='overview-components-configurations'>
- <title>Configurations</title>
-
- <para>
- The configuration files (<filename>.conf</filename>) define
- various configuration variables that govern the OpenEmbedded
- build process.
- These files fall into several areas that define machine
- configuration options, distribution configuration options,
- compiler tuning options, general common configuration options,
- and user configuration options in
- <filename>conf/local.conf</filename>, which is found in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id='overview-layers'>
- <title>Layers</title>
-
- <para>
- Layers are repositories that contain related metadata (i.e.
- sets of instructions) that tell the OpenEmbedded build system how
- to build a target.
- Yocto Project's
- <link linkend='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>layer model</link>
- facilitates collaboration, sharing, customization, and reuse
- within the Yocto Project development environment.
- Layers logically separate information for your project.
- For example, you can use a layer to hold all the configurations
- for a particular piece of hardware.
- Isolating hardware-specific configurations allows you to share
- other metadata by using a different layer where that metadata
- might be common across several pieces of hardware.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Many layers exist that work in the Yocto Project development
- environment.
- The
- <ulink url='https://caffelli-staging.yoctoproject.org/software-overview/layers/'>Yocto Project Curated Layer Index</ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/'>OpenEmbedded Layer Index</ulink>
- both contain layers from which you can use or leverage.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- By convention, layers in the Yocto Project follow a specific form.
- Conforming to a known structure allows BitBake to make assumptions
- during builds on where to find types of metadata.
- You can find procedures and learn about tools (i.e.
- <filename>bitbake-layers</filename>) for creating layers suitable
- for the Yocto Project in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
- section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id="openembedded-build-system-build-concepts">
- <title>OpenEmbedded Build System Concepts</title>
-
- <para>
- This section takes a more detailed look inside the build
- process used by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>,
- which is the build system specific to the Yocto Project.
- At the heart of the build system is BitBake, the task executor.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following diagram represents the high-level workflow of a
- build.
- The remainder of this section expands on the fundamental input,
- output, process, and metadata logical blocks that make up the
- workflow.
- </para>
-
- <para id='general-workflow-figure'>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/YP-flow-diagram.png" format="PNG" align='center' width="8in"/>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In general, the build's workflow consists of several functional
- areas:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>User Configuration:</emphasis>
- metadata you can use to control the build process.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Metadata Layers:</emphasis>
- Various layers that provide software, machine, and
- distro metadata.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Source Files:</emphasis>
- Upstream releases, local projects, and SCMs.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Build System:</emphasis>
- Processes under the control of
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>.
- This block expands on how BitBake fetches source, applies
- patches, completes compilation, analyzes output for package
- generation, creates and tests packages, generates images,
- and generates cross-development tools.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Package Feeds:</emphasis>
- Directories containing output packages (RPM, DEB or IPK),
- which are subsequently used in the construction of an
- image or Software Development Kit (SDK), produced by the
- build system.
- These feeds can also be copied and shared using a web
- server or other means to facilitate extending or updating
- existing images on devices at runtime if runtime package
- management is enabled.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Images:</emphasis>
- Images produced by the workflow.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Application Development SDK:</emphasis>
- Cross-development tools that are produced along with
- an image or separately with BitBake.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <section id="user-configuration">
- <title>User Configuration</title>
-
- <para>
- User configuration helps define the build.
- Through user configuration, you can tell BitBake the
- target architecture for which you are building the image,
- where to store downloaded source, and other build properties.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following figure shows an expanded representation of the
- "User Configuration" box of the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/user-configuration.png" align="center" width="8in" depth="4.5in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake needs some basic configuration files in order to
- complete a build.
- These files are <filename>*.conf</filename> files.
- The minimally necessary ones reside as example files in the
- <filename>build/conf</filename> directory of the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
- For simplicity, this section refers to the Source Directory as
- the "Poky Directory."
- </para>
-
- <para>
- When you clone the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#poky'>Poky</ulink>
- Git repository or you download and unpack a Yocto Project
- release, you can set up the Source Directory to be named
- anything you want.
- For this discussion, the cloned repository uses the default
- name <filename>poky</filename>.
- <note>
- The Poky repository is primarily an aggregation of existing
- repositories.
- It is not a canonical upstream source.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>meta-poky</filename> layer inside Poky contains
- a <filename>conf</filename> directory that has example
- configuration files.
- These example files are used as a basis for creating actual
- configuration files when you source
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename></ulink>,
- which is the build environment script.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Sourcing the build environment script creates a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
- if one does not already exist.
- BitBake uses the Build Directory for all its work during
- builds.
- The Build Directory has a <filename>conf</filename> directory
- that contains default versions of your
- <filename>local.conf</filename> and
- <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> configuration files.
- These default configuration files are created only if versions
- do not already exist in the Build Directory at the time you
- source the build environment setup script.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Because the Poky repository is fundamentally an aggregation of
- existing repositories, some users might be familiar with
- running the <filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename> script
- in the context of separate
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OpenEmbedded-Core</ulink>
- and BitBake repositories rather than a single Poky repository.
- This discussion assumes the script is executed from
- within a cloned or unpacked version of Poky.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Depending on where the script is sourced, different
- sub-scripts are called to set up the Build Directory
- (Yocto or OpenEmbedded).
- Specifically, the script
- <filename>scripts/oe-setup-builddir</filename> inside the
- poky directory sets up the Build Directory and seeds the
- directory (if necessary) with configuration files appropriate
- for the Yocto Project development environment.
- <note>
- The <filename>scripts/oe-setup-builddir</filename> script
- uses the <filename>$TEMPLATECONF</filename> variable to
- determine which sample configuration files to locate.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>local.conf</filename> file provides many
- basic variables that define a build environment.
- Here is a list of a few.
- To see the default configurations in a
- <filename>local.conf</filename> file created by the build
- environment script, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-poky/conf/local.conf.sample'><filename>local.conf.sample</filename></ulink>
- in the <filename>meta-poky</filename> layer:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Target Machine Selection:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Download Directory:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Shared State Directory:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Build Output:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Distribution Policy:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DISTRO'><filename>DISTRO</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Packaging Format:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>SDK Target Architecture:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Extra Image Packages:</emphasis>
- Controlled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <note>
- Configurations set in the
- <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file can also be set
- in the <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> and
- <filename>conf/auto.conf</filename> configuration files.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file tells BitBake what
- layers you want considered during the build.
- By default, the layers listed in this file include layers
- minimally needed by the build system.
- However, you must manually add any custom layers you have
- created.
- You can find more information on working with the
- <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#enabling-your-layer'>Enabling Your Layer</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The files <filename>site.conf</filename> and
- <filename>auto.conf</filename> are not created by the
- environment initialization script.
- If you want the <filename>site.conf</filename> file, you
- need to create that yourself.
- The <filename>auto.conf</filename> file is typically created by
- an autobuilder:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>site.conf</filename>:</emphasis>
- You can use the <filename>conf/site.conf</filename>
- configuration file to configure multiple
- build directories.
- For example, suppose you had several build environments
- and they shared some common features.
- You can set these default build properties here.
- A good example is perhaps the packaging format to use
- through the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>
- variable.</para>
-
- <para>One useful scenario for using the
- <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> file is to extend
- your
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBPATH'><filename>BBPATH</filename></ulink>
- variable to include the path to a
- <filename>conf/site.conf</filename>.
- Then, when BitBake looks for Metadata using
- <filename>BBPATH</filename>, it finds the
- <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> file and applies
- your common configurations found in the file.
- To override configurations in a particular build
- directory, alter the similar configurations within
- that build directory's
- <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>auto.conf</filename>:</emphasis>
- The file is usually created and written to by
- an autobuilder.
- The settings put into the file are typically the
- same as you would find in the
- <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> or the
- <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> files.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You can edit all configuration files to further define
- any particular build environment.
- This process is represented by the "User Configuration Edits"
- box in the figure.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- When you launch your build with the
- <filename>bitbake <replaceable>target</replaceable></filename>
- command, BitBake sorts out the configurations to ultimately
- define your build environment.
- It is important to understand that the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- reads the configuration files in a specific order:
- <filename>site.conf</filename>, <filename>auto.conf</filename>,
- and <filename>local.conf</filename>.
- And, the build system applies the normal assignment statement
- rules as described in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bitbake-user-manual-metadata'>Syntax and Operators</ulink>"
- chapter of the BitBake User Manual.
- Because the files are parsed in a specific order, variable
- assignments for the same variable could be affected.
- For example, if the <filename>auto.conf</filename> file and
- the <filename>local.conf</filename> set
- <replaceable>variable1</replaceable> to different values,
- because the build system parses <filename>local.conf</filename>
- after <filename>auto.conf</filename>,
- <replaceable>variable1</replaceable> is assigned the value from
- the <filename>local.conf</filename> file.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id="metadata-machine-configuration-and-policy-configuration">
- <title>Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration</title>
-
- <para>
- The previous section described the user configurations that
- define BitBake's global behavior.
- This section takes a closer look at the layers the build system
- uses to further control the build.
- These layers provide Metadata for the software, machine, and
- policies.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In general, three types of layer input exists.
- You can see them below the "User Configuration" box in the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Metadata (<filename>.bb</filename> + Patches):</emphasis>
- Software layers containing user-supplied recipe files,
- patches, and append files.
- A good example of a software layer might be the
- <ulink url='https://github.com/meta-qt5/meta-qt5'><filename>meta-qt5</filename></ulink>
- layer from the
- <ulink url='http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/'>OpenEmbedded Layer Index</ulink>.
- This layer is for version 5.0 of the popular
- <ulink url='https://wiki.qt.io/About_Qt'>Qt</ulink>
- cross-platform application development framework for
- desktop, embedded and mobile.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Machine BSP Configuration:</emphasis>
- Board Support Package (BSP) layers (i.e. "BSP Layer"
- in the following figure) providing machine-specific
- configurations.
- This type of information is specific to a particular
- target architecture.
- A good example of a BSP layer from the
- <link linkend='gs-reference-distribution-poky'>Poky Reference Distribution</link>
- is the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-yocto-bsp'><filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename></ulink>
- layer.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Policy Configuration:</emphasis>
- Distribution Layers (i.e. "Distro Layer" in the
- following figure) providing top-level or general
- policies for the images or SDKs being built for a
- particular distribution.
- For example, in the Poky Reference Distribution the
- distro layer is the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-poky'><filename>meta-poky</filename></ulink>
- layer.
- Within the distro layer is a
- <filename>conf/distro</filename> directory that
- contains distro configuration files (e.g.
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta-poky/conf/distro/poky.conf'><filename>poky.conf</filename></ulink>
- that contain many policy configurations for the
- Poky distribution.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following figure shows an expanded representation of
- these three layers from the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/layer-input.png" align="center" width="8in" depth="8in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In general, all layers have a similar structure.
- They all contain a licensing file
- (e.g. <filename>COPYING.MIT</filename>) if the layer is to be
- distributed, a <filename>README</filename> file as good
- practice and especially if the layer is to be distributed, a
- configuration directory, and recipe directories.
- You can learn about the general structure for layers used with
- the Yocto Project in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#creating-your-own-layer'>Creating Your Own Layer</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- For a general discussion on layers and the many layers from
- which you can draw, see the
- "<link linkend='overview-layers'>Layers</link>" and
- "<link linkend='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>The Yocto Project Layer Model</link>"
- sections both earlier in this manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If you explored the previous links, you discovered some
- areas where many layers that work with the Yocto Project
- exist.
- The
- <ulink url="http://git.yoctoproject.org/">Source Repositories</ulink>
- also shows layers categorized under "Yocto Metadata Layers."
- <note>
- Layers exist in the Yocto Project Source Repositories that
- cannot be found in the OpenEmbedded Layer Index.
- These layers are either deprecated or experimental
- in nature.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake uses the <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file,
- which is part of the user configuration, to find what layers it
- should be using as part of the build.
- </para>
-
- <section id="distro-layer">
- <title>Distro Layer</title>
-
- <para>
- The distribution layer provides policy configurations for
- your distribution.
- Best practices dictate that you isolate these types of
- configurations into their own layer.
- Settings you provide in
- <filename>conf/distro/<replaceable>distro</replaceable>.conf</filename> override
- similar settings that BitBake finds in your
- <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file in the Build
- Directory.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following list provides some explanation and references
- for what you typically find in the distribution layer:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>classes:</emphasis>
- Class files (<filename>.bbclass</filename>) hold
- common functionality that can be shared among
- recipes in the distribution.
- When your recipes inherit a class, they take on the
- settings and functions for that class.
- You can read more about class files in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes'>Classes</ulink>"
- chapter of the Yocto Reference Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>conf:</emphasis>
- This area holds configuration files for the
- layer (<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename>),
- the distribution
- (<filename>conf/distro/<replaceable>distro</replaceable>.conf</filename>),
- and any distribution-wide include files.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>recipes-*:</emphasis>
- Recipes and append files that affect common
- functionality across the distribution.
- This area could include recipes and append files
- to add distribution-specific configuration,
- initialization scripts, custom image recipes,
- and so forth.
- Examples of <filename>recipes-*</filename>
- directories are <filename>recipes-core</filename>
- and <filename>recipes-extra</filename>.
- Hierarchy and contents within a
- <filename>recipes-*</filename> directory can vary.
- Generally, these directories contain recipe files
- (<filename>*.bb</filename>), recipe append files
- (<filename>*.bbappend</filename>), directories
- that are distro-specific for configuration files,
- and so forth.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id="bsp-layer">
- <title>BSP Layer</title>
-
- <para>
- The BSP Layer provides machine configurations that
- target specific hardware.
- Everything in this layer is specific to the machine for
- which you are building the image or the SDK.
- A common structure or form is defined for BSP layers.
- You can learn more about this structure in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>.
- <note>
- In order for a BSP layer to be considered compliant
- with the Yocto Project, it must meet some structural
- requirements.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The BSP Layer's configuration directory contains
- configuration files for the machine
- (<filename>conf/machine/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.conf</filename>)
- and, of course, the layer
- (<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename>).
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The remainder of the layer is dedicated to specific recipes
- by function: <filename>recipes-bsp</filename>,
- <filename>recipes-core</filename>,
- <filename>recipes-graphics</filename>,
- <filename>recipes-kernel</filename>, and so forth.
- Metadata can exist for multiple formfactors, graphics
- support systems, and so forth.
- <note>
- While the figure shows several
- <filename>recipes-*</filename> directories, not all
- these directories appear in all BSP layers.
- </note>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id="software-layer">
- <title>Software Layer</title>
-
- <para>
- The software layer provides the Metadata for additional
- software packages used during the build.
- This layer does not include Metadata that is specific to
- the distribution or the machine, which are found in their
- respective layers.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This layer contains any recipes, append files, and
- patches, that your project needs.
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id="sources-dev-environment">
- <title>Sources</title>
-
- <para>
- In order for the OpenEmbedded build system to create an
- image or any target, it must be able to access source files.
- The
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>
- represents source files using the "Upstream Project Releases",
- "Local Projects", and "SCMs (optional)" boxes.
- The figure represents mirrors, which also play a role in
- locating source files, with the "Source Materials" box.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The method by which source files are ultimately organized is
- a function of the project.
- For example, for released software, projects tend to use
- tarballs or other archived files that can capture the
- state of a release guaranteeing that it is statically
- represented.
- On the other hand, for a project that is more dynamic or
- experimental in nature, a project might keep source files in a
- repository controlled by a Source Control Manager (SCM) such as
- Git.
- Pulling source from a repository allows you to control
- the point in the repository (the revision) from which you
- want to build software.
- Finally, a combination of the two might exist, which would
- give the consumer a choice when deciding where to get
- source files.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake uses the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
- variable to point to source files regardless of their location.
- Each recipe must have a <filename>SRC_URI</filename> variable
- that points to the source.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Another area that plays a significant role in where source
- files come from is pointed to by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- This area is a cache that can hold previously downloaded
- source.
- You can also instruct the OpenEmbedded build system to create
- tarballs from Git repositories, which is not the default
- behavior, and store them in the <filename>DL_DIR</filename>
- by using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS'><filename>BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Judicious use of a <filename>DL_DIR</filename> directory can
- save the build system a trip across the Internet when looking
- for files.
- A good method for using a download directory is to have
- <filename>DL_DIR</filename> point to an area outside of your
- Build Directory.
- Doing so allows you to safely delete the Build Directory
- if needed without fear of removing any downloaded source file.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The remainder of this section provides a deeper look into the
- source files and the mirrors.
- Here is a more detailed look at the source file area of the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/source-input.png" width="6in" depth="6in" align="center" />
- </para>
-
- <section id='upstream-project-releases'>
- <title>Upstream Project Releases</title>
-
- <para>
- Upstream project releases exist anywhere in the form of an
- archived file (e.g. tarball or zip file).
- These files correspond to individual recipes.
- For example, the figure uses specific releases each for
- BusyBox, Qt, and Dbus.
- An archive file can be for any released product that can be
- built using a recipe.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='local-projects'>
- <title>Local Projects</title>
-
- <para>
- Local projects are custom bits of software the user
- provides.
- These bits reside somewhere local to a project - perhaps
- a directory into which the user checks in items (e.g.
- a local directory containing a development source tree
- used by the group).
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The canonical method through which to include a local
- project is to use the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-externalsrc'><filename>externalsrc</filename></ulink>
- class to include that local project.
- You use either the <filename>local.conf</filename> or a
- recipe's append file to override or set the
- recipe to point to the local directory on your disk to pull
- in the whole source tree.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='scms'>
- <title>Source Control Managers (Optional)</title>
-
- <para>
- Another place from which the build system can get source
- files is with
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bb-fetchers'>fetchers</ulink>
- employing various Source Control Managers (SCMs) such as
- Git or Subversion.
- In such cases, a repository is cloned or checked out.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-fetch'><filename>do_fetch</filename></ulink>
- task inside BitBake uses
- the <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
- variable and the argument's prefix to determine the correct
- fetcher module.
- <note>
- For information on how to have the OpenEmbedded build
- system generate tarballs for Git repositories and place
- them in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
- directory, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS'><filename>BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS</filename></ulink>
- variable in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- When fetching a repository, BitBake uses the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRCREV'><filename>SRCREV</filename></ulink>
- variable to determine the specific revision from which to
- build.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='source-mirrors'>
- <title>Source Mirror(s)</title>
-
- <para>
- Two kinds of mirrors exist: pre-mirrors and regular
- mirrors.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREMIRRORS'><filename>PREMIRRORS</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MIRRORS'><filename>MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
- variables point to these, respectively.
- BitBake checks pre-mirrors before looking upstream for any
- source files.
- Pre-mirrors are appropriate when you have a shared
- directory that is not a directory defined by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- A Pre-mirror typically points to a shared directory that is
- local to your organization.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Regular mirrors can be any site across the Internet
- that is used as an alternative location for source
- code should the primary site not be functioning for
- some reason or another.
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id="package-feeds-dev-environment">
- <title>Package Feeds</title>
-
- <para>
- When the OpenEmbedded build system generates an image or an
- SDK, it gets the packages from a package feed area located
- in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
- The
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>
- shows this package feeds area in the upper-right corner.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This section looks a little closer into the package feeds
- area used by the build system.
- Here is a more detailed look at the area:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/package-feeds.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="6in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Package feeds are an intermediary step in the build process.
- The OpenEmbedded build system provides classes to generate
- different package types, and you specify which classes to
- enable through the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- Before placing the packages into package feeds,
- the build process validates them with generated output quality
- assurance checks through the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-insane'><filename>insane</filename></ulink>
- class.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The package feed area resides in the Build Directory.
- The directory the build system uses to temporarily store
- packages is determined by a combination of variables and the
- particular package manager in use.
- See the "Package Feeds" box in the illustration and note the
- information to the right of that area.
- In particular, the following defines where package files are
- kept:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>:
- Defined as <filename>tmp/deploy</filename> in the Build
- Directory.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>DEPLOY_DIR_*</filename>:
- Depending on the package manager used, the package type
- sub-folder.
- Given RPM, IPK, or DEB packaging and tarball creation,
- the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_RPM'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_RPM</filename></ulink>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_IPK'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_IPK</filename></ulink>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_DEB'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_DEB</filename></ulink>,
- or
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_TAR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_TAR</filename></ulink>,
- variables are used, respectively.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></ulink>:
- Defines architecture-specific sub-folders.
- For example, packages could exist for the i586 or
- qemux86 architectures.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake uses the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_*</filename></ulink>
- tasks to generate packages and place them into the package
- holding area (e.g. <filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename>
- for IPK packages).
- See the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_deb</filename></ulink>",
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_ipk'><filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename></ulink>",
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_rpm'><filename>do_package_write_rpm</filename></ulink>",
- and
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_tar'><filename>do_package_write_tar</filename></ulink>"
- sections in the Yocto Project Reference Manual
- for additional information.
- As an example, consider a scenario where an IPK packaging
- manager is being used and package architecture support for
- both i586 and qemux86 exist.
- Packages for the i586 architecture are placed in
- <filename>build/tmp/deploy/ipk/i586</filename>, while packages
- for the qemux86 architecture are placed in
- <filename>build/tmp/deploy/ipk/qemux86</filename>.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='bitbake-dev-environment'>
- <title>BitBake</title>
-
- <para>
- The OpenEmbedded build system uses
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
- to produce images and Software Development Kits (SDKs).
- You can see from the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>,
- the BitBake area consists of several functional areas.
- This section takes a closer look at each of those areas.
- <note>
- Separate documentation exists for the BitBake tool.
- See the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>
- for reference material on BitBake.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <section id='source-fetching-dev-environment'>
- <title>Source Fetching</title>
-
- <para>
- The first stages of building a recipe are to fetch and
- unpack the source code:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/source-fetching.png" align="center" width="6.5in" depth="5in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-fetch'><filename>do_fetch</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-unpack'><filename>do_unpack</filename></ulink>
- tasks fetch the source files and unpack them into the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
- <note>
- For every local file (e.g. <filename>file://</filename>)
- that is part of a recipe's
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
- statement, the OpenEmbedded build system takes a
- checksum of the file for the recipe and inserts the
- checksum into the signature for the
- <filename>do_fetch</filename> task.
- If any local file has been modified, the
- <filename>do_fetch</filename> task and all tasks that
- depend on it are re-executed.
- </note>
- By default, everything is accomplished in the Build
- Directory, which has a defined structure.
- For additional general information on the Build Directory,
- see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-build'><filename>build/</filename></ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Each recipe has an area in the Build Directory where the
- unpacked source code resides.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
- variable points to this area for a recipe's unpacked source
- code.
- The name of that directory for any given recipe is defined
- from several different variables.
- The preceding figure and the following list describe
- the Build Directory's hierarchy:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>:
- The base directory where the OpenEmbedded build
- system performs all its work during the build.
- The default base directory is the
- <filename>tmp</filename> directory.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></ulink>:
- The architecture of the built package or packages.
- Depending on the eventual destination of the
- package or packages (i.e. machine architecture,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#hardware-build-system-term'>build host</ulink>,
- SDK, or specific machine),
- <filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename> varies.
- See the variable's description for details.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TARGET_OS'><filename>TARGET_OS</filename></ulink>:
- The operating system of the target device.
- A typical value would be "linux" (e.g.
- "qemux86-poky-linux").
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></ulink>:
- The name of the recipe used to build the package.
- This variable can have multiple meanings.
- However, when used in the context of input files,
- <filename>PN</filename> represents the the name
- of the recipe.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>:
- The location where the OpenEmbedded build system
- builds a recipe (i.e. does the work to create the
- package).
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>:
- The version of the recipe used to build the
- package.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>:
- The revision of the recipe used to build the
- package.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>:
- Contains the unpacked source files for a given
- recipe.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BPN'><filename>BPN</filename></ulink>:
- The name of the recipe used to build the
- package.
- The <filename>BPN</filename> variable is
- a version of the <filename>PN</filename>
- variable but with common prefixes and
- suffixes removed.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>:
- The version of the recipe used to build the
- package.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <note>
- In the previous figure, notice that two sample
- hierarchies exist: one based on package architecture (i.e.
- <filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename>) and one based on a
- machine (i.e. <filename>MACHINE</filename>).
- The underlying structures are identical.
- The differentiator being what the OpenEmbedded build
- system is using as a build target (e.g. general
- architecture, a build host, an SDK, or a specific
- machine).
- </note>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='patching-dev-environment'>
- <title>Patching</title>
-
- <para>
- Once source code is fetched and unpacked, BitBake locates
- patch files and applies them to the source files:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/patching.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="6in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-patch'><filename>do_patch</filename></ulink>
- task uses a recipe's
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
- statements and the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILESPATH'><filename>FILESPATH</filename></ulink>
- variable to locate applicable patch files.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Default processing for patch files assumes the files have
- either <filename>*.patch</filename> or
- <filename>*.diff</filename> file types.
- You can use <filename>SRC_URI</filename> parameters to
- change the way the build system recognizes patch files.
- See the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-patch'><filename>do_patch</filename></ulink>
- task for more information.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- BitBake finds and applies multiple patches for a single
- recipe in the order in which it locates the patches.
- The <filename>FILESPATH</filename> variable defines the
- default set of directories that the build system uses to
- search for patch files.
- Once found, patches are applied to the recipe's source
- files, which are located in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
- directory.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For more information on how the source directories are
- created, see the
- "<link linkend='source-fetching-dev-environment'>Source Fetching</link>"
- section.
- For more information on how to create patches and how the
- build system processes patches, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#new-recipe-patching-code'>Patching Code</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- You can also see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-devtool-use-devtool-modify-to-modify-the-source-of-an-existing-component'>Use <filename>devtool modify</filename> to Modify the Source of an Existing Component</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Application Development and
- the Extensible Software Development Kit (SDK) manual and
- the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;#using-traditional-kernel-development-to-patch-the-kernel'>Using Traditional Kernel Development to Patch the Kernel</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development
- Manual.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='configuration-compilation-and-staging-dev-environment'>
- <title>Configuration, Compilation, and Staging</title>
-
- <para>
- After source code is patched, BitBake executes tasks that
- configure and compile the source code.
- Once compilation occurs, the files are copied to a holding
- area (staged) in preparation for packaging:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/configuration-compile-autoreconf.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="5in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This step in the build process consists of the following
- tasks:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-prepare_recipe_sysroot'><filename>do_prepare_recipe_sysroot</filename></ulink></emphasis>:
- This task sets up the two sysroots in
- <filename>${</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink><filename>}</filename>
- (i.e. <filename>recipe-sysroot</filename> and
- <filename>recipe-sysroot-native</filename>) so that
- during the packaging phase the sysroots can contain
- the contents of the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sysroot'><filename>do_populate_sysroot</filename></ulink>
- tasks of the recipes on which the recipe
- containing the tasks depends.
- A sysroot exists for both the target and for the
- native binaries, which run on the host system.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>do_configure</filename></emphasis>:
- This task configures the source by enabling and
- disabling any build-time and configuration options
- for the software being built.
- Configurations can come from the recipe itself as
- well as from an inherited class.
- Additionally, the software itself might configure
- itself depending on the target for which it is
- being built.</para>
-
- <para>The configurations handled by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-configure'><filename>do_configure</filename></ulink>
- task are specific to configurations for the source
- code being built by the recipe.</para>
-
- <para>If you are using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
- class, you can add additional configuration options
- by using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_OECONF'><filename>EXTRA_OECONF</filename></ulink>
- or
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS'><filename>PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS</filename></ulink>
- variables.
- For information on how this variable works within
- that class, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
- class
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta/classes/autotools.bbclass'>here</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>do_compile</filename></emphasis>:
- Once a configuration task has been satisfied,
- BitBake compiles the source using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-compile'><filename>do_compile</filename></ulink>
- task.
- Compilation occurs in the directory pointed to by
- the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-B'><filename>B</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- Realize that the <filename>B</filename> directory
- is, by default, the same as the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
- directory.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>do_install</filename></emphasis>:
- After compilation completes, BitBake executes the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
- task.
- This task copies files from the
- <filename>B</filename> directory and places them
- in a holding area pointed to by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-D'><filename>D</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- Packaging occurs later using files from this
- holding directory.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='package-splitting-dev-environment'>
- <title>Package Splitting</title>
-
- <para>
- After source code is configured, compiled, and staged, the
- build system analyzes the results and splits the output
- into packages:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="7in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
- tasks combine to analyze the files found in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-D'><filename>D</filename></ulink>
- directory and split them into subsets based on available
- packages and files.
- Analysis involves the following as well as other items:
- splitting out debugging symbols, looking at shared library
- dependencies between packages, and looking at package
- relationships.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>do_packagedata</filename> task creates
- package metadata based on the analysis such that the
- build system can generate the final packages.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sysroot'><filename>do_populate_sysroot</filename></ulink>
- task stages (copies) a subset of the files installed by
- the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
- task into the appropriate sysroot.
- Working, staged, and intermediate results of the analysis
- and package splitting process use several areas:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGD'><filename>PKGD</filename></ulink>:
- The destination directory
- (i.e. <filename>package</filename>) for packages
- before they are split into individual packages.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDESTWORK'><filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename></ulink>:
- A temporary work area (i.e.
- <filename>pkgdata</filename>) used by the
- <filename>do_package</filename> task to save
- package metadata.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDEST'><filename>PKGDEST</filename></ulink>:
- The parent directory (i.e.
- <filename>packages-split</filename>) for packages
- after they have been split.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></ulink>:
- A shared, global-state directory that holds
- packaging metadata generated during the packaging
- process.
- The packaging process copies metadata from
- <filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename> to the
- <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> area where it
- becomes globally available.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAGING_DIR_HOST'><filename>STAGING_DIR_HOST</filename></ulink>:
- The path for the sysroot for the system on which
- a component is built to run (i.e.
- <filename>recipe-sysroot</filename>).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAGING_DIR_NATIVE'><filename>STAGING_DIR_NATIVE</filename></ulink>:
- The path for the sysroot used when building
- components for the build host (i.e.
- <filename>recipe-sysroot-native</filename>).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAGING_DIR_TARGET'><filename>STAGING_DIR_TARGET</filename></ulink>:
- The path for the sysroot used when a component that
- is built to execute on a system and it generates
- code for yet another machine (e.g. cross-canadian
- recipes).
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILES'><filename>FILES</filename></ulink>
- variable defines the files that go into each package in
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGES'><filename>PACKAGES</filename></ulink>.
- If you want details on how this is accomplished, you can
- look at
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta/classes/package.bbclass'><filename>package.bbclass</filename></ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Depending on the type of packages being created (RPM, DEB,
- or IPK), the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_*</filename></ulink>
- task creates the actual packages and places them in the
- Package Feed area, which is
- <filename>${TMPDIR}/deploy</filename>.
- You can see the
- "<link linkend='package-feeds-dev-environment'>Package Feeds</link>"
- section for more detail on that part of the build process.
- <note>
- Support for creating feeds directly from the
- <filename>deploy/*</filename> directories does not
- exist.
- Creating such feeds usually requires some kind of feed
- maintenance mechanism that would upload the new
- packages into an official package feed (e.g. the
- Ångström distribution).
- This functionality is highly distribution-specific
- and thus is not provided out of the box.
- </note>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='image-generation-dev-environment'>
- <title>Image Generation</title>
-
- <para>
- Once packages are split and stored in the Package Feeds
- area, the build system uses BitBake to generate the root
- filesystem image:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/image-generation.png" align="center" width="7.5in" depth="7.5in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The image generation process consists of several stages and
- depends on several tasks and variables.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-rootfs'><filename>do_rootfs</filename></ulink>
- task creates the root filesystem (file and directory
- structure) for an image.
- This task uses several key variables to help create the
- list of packages to actually install:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'><filename>IMAGE_INSTALL</filename></ulink>:
- Lists out the base set of packages from which to
- install from the Package Feeds area.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_EXCLUDE'><filename>PACKAGE_EXCLUDE</filename></ulink>:
- Specifies packages that should not be installed
- into the image.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>:
- Specifies features to include in the image.
- Most of these features map to additional packages
- for installation.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></ulink>:
- Specifies the package backend (e.g. RPM, DEB, or
- IPK) to use and consequently helps determine where
- to locate packages within the Package Feeds area.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_LINGUAS'><filename>IMAGE_LINGUAS</filename></ulink>:
- Determines the language(s) for which additional
- language support packages are installed.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_INSTALL'><filename>PACKAGE_INSTALL</filename></ulink>:
- The final list of packages passed to the package
- manager for installation into the image.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- With
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_ROOTFS'><filename>IMAGE_ROOTFS</filename></ulink>
- pointing to the location of the filesystem under
- construction and the <filename>PACKAGE_INSTALL</filename>
- variable providing the final list of packages to install,
- the root file system is created.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Package installation is under control of the package
- manager (e.g. dnf/rpm, opkg, or apt/dpkg) regardless of
- whether or not package management is enabled for the
- target.
- At the end of the process, if package management is not
- enabled for the target, the package manager's data files
- are deleted from the root filesystem.
- As part of the final stage of package installation,
- post installation scripts that are part of the packages
- are run.
- Any scripts that fail to run on the build host are run on
- the target when the target system is first booted.
- If you are using a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#creating-a-read-only-root-filesystem'>read-only root filesystem</ulink>,
- all the post installation scripts must succeed on the
- build host during the package installation phase since the
- root filesystem on the target is read-only.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The final stages of the <filename>do_rootfs</filename> task
- handle post processing.
- Post processing includes creation of a manifest file and
- optimizations.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The manifest file (<filename>.manifest</filename>) resides
- in the same directory as the root filesystem image.
- This file lists out, line-by-line, the installed packages.
- The manifest file is useful for the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-testimage*'><filename>testimage</filename></ulink>
- class, for example, to determine whether or not to run
- specific tests.
- See the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_MANIFEST'><filename>IMAGE_MANIFEST</filename></ulink>
- variable for additional information.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Optimizing processes that are run across the image include
- <filename>mklibs</filename>, <filename>prelink</filename>,
- and any other post-processing commands as defined by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND'><filename>ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- The <filename>mklibs</filename> process optimizes the size
- of the libraries, while the <filename>prelink</filename>
- process optimizes the dynamic linking of shared libraries
- to reduce start up time of executables.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- After the root filesystem is built, processing begins on
- the image through the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-image'><filename>do_image</filename></ulink>
- task.
- The build system runs any pre-processing commands as
- defined by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_PREPROCESS_COMMAND'><filename>IMAGE_PREPROCESS_COMMAND</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- This variable specifies a list of functions to call before
- the build system creates the final image output files.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The build system dynamically creates
- <filename>do_image_*</filename> tasks as needed, based
- on the image types specified in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'><filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- The process turns everything into an image file or a set of
- image files and can compress the root filesystem image to
- reduce the overall size of the image.
- The formats used for the root filesystem depend on the
- <filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename> variable.
- Compression depends on whether the formats support
- compression.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- As an example, a dynamically created task when creating a
- particular image <replaceable>type</replaceable> would
- take the following form:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- do_image_<replaceable>type</replaceable>
- </literallayout>
- So, if the <replaceable>type</replaceable> as specified by
- the <filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename> were
- <filename>ext4</filename>, the dynamically generated task
- would be as follows:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- do_image_ext4
- </literallayout>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The final task involved in image creation is the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-image-complete'><filename>do_image_complete</filename></ulink>
- task.
- This task completes the image by applying any image
- post processing as defined through the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND'><filename>IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND</filename></ulink>
- variable.
- The variable specifies a list of functions to call once the
- build system has created the final image output files.
- <note>
- The entire image generation process is run under
- <link linkend='fakeroot-and-pseudo'>Pseudo</link>.
- Running under Pseudo ensures that the files in the
- root filesystem have correct ownership.
- </note>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='sdk-generation-dev-environment'>
- <title>SDK Generation</title>
-
- <para>
- The OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to generate the
- Software Development Kit (SDK) installer scripts for both
- the standard SDK and the extensible SDK (eSDK):
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/sdk-generation.png" width="9in" align="center" />
- <note>
- For more information on the cross-development toolchain
- generation, see the
- "<link linkend='cross-development-toolchain-generation'>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</link>"
- section.
- For information on advantages gained when building a
- cross-development toolchain using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sdk'><filename>do_populate_sdk</filename></ulink>
- task, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-building-an-sdk-installer'>Building an SDK Installer</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Application Development
- and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)
- manual.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Like image generation, the SDK script process consists of
- several stages and depends on many variables.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sdk'><filename>do_populate_sdk</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sdk_ext'><filename>do_populate_sdk_ext</filename></ulink>
- tasks use these key variables to help create the list of
- packages to actually install.
- For information on the variables listed in the figure,
- see the
- "<link linkend='sdk-dev-environment'>Application Development SDK</link>"
- section.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>do_populate_sdk</filename> task helps create
- the standard SDK and handles two parts: a target part and a
- host part.
- The target part is the part built for the target hardware
- and includes libraries and headers.
- The host part is the part of the SDK that runs on the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>do_populate_sdk_ext</filename> task helps
- create the extensible SDK and handles host and target parts
- differently than its counter part does for the standard SDK.
- For the extensible SDK, the task encapsulates the build
- system, which includes everything needed (host and target)
- for the SDK.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Regardless of the type of SDK being constructed, the
- tasks perform some cleanup after which a cross-development
- environment setup script and any needed configuration files
- are created.
- The final output is the Cross-development
- toolchain installation script (<filename>.sh</filename>
- file), which includes the environment setup script.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='stamp-files-and-the-rerunning-of-tasks'>
- <title>Stamp Files and the Rerunning of Tasks</title>
-
- <para>
- For each task that completes successfully, BitBake writes a
- stamp file into the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAMPS_DIR'><filename>STAMPS_DIR</filename></ulink>
- directory.
- The beginning of the stamp file's filename is determined
- by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-STAMP'><filename>STAMP</filename></ulink>
- variable, and the end of the name consists of the task's
- name and current
- <link linkend='overview-checksums'>input checksum</link>.
- <note>
- This naming scheme assumes that
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER'><filename>BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER</filename></ulink>
- is "OEBasicHash", which is almost always the case in
- current OpenEmbedded.
- </note>
- To determine if a task needs to be rerun, BitBake checks
- if a stamp file with a matching input checksum exists
- for the task.
- If such a stamp file exists, the task's output is
- assumed to exist and still be valid.
- If the file does not exist, the task is rerun.
- <note>
- <para>The stamp mechanism is more general than the
- shared state (sstate) cache mechanism described in the
- "<link linkend='setscene-tasks-and-shared-state'>Setscene Tasks and Shared State</link>"
- section.
- BitBake avoids rerunning any task that has a valid
- stamp file, not just tasks that can be accelerated
- through the sstate cache.</para>
-
- <para>However, you should realize that stamp files only
- serve as a marker that some work has been done and that
- these files do not record task output.
- The actual task output would usually be somewhere in
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>
- (e.g. in some recipe's
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.)
- What the sstate cache mechanism adds is a way to cache
- task output that can then be shared between build
- machines.</para>
- </note>
- Since <filename>STAMPS_DIR</filename> is usually a
- subdirectory of <filename>TMPDIR</filename>, removing
- <filename>TMPDIR</filename> will also remove
- <filename>STAMPS_DIR</filename>, which means tasks will
- properly be rerun to repopulate
- <filename>TMPDIR</filename>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If you want some task to always be considered "out of
- date", you can mark it with the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'><filename>nostamp</filename></ulink>
- varflag.
- If some other task depends on such a task, then that
- task will also always be considered out of date, which
- might not be what you want.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For details on how to view information about a task's
- signature, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-viewing-task-variable-dependencies'>Viewing Task Variable Dependencies</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='setscene-tasks-and-shared-state'>
- <title>Setscene Tasks and Shared State</title>
-
- <para>
- The description of tasks so far assumes that BitBake needs
- to build everything and no available prebuilt objects
- exist.
- BitBake does support skipping tasks if prebuilt objects are
- available.
- These objects are usually made available in the form of a
- shared state (sstate) cache.
- <note>
- For information on variables affecting sstate, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_MIRRORS'><filename>SSTATE_MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
- variables.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The idea of a setscene task (i.e
- <filename>do_</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable><filename>_setscene</filename>)
- is a version of the task where
- instead of building something, BitBake can skip to the end
- result and simply place a set of files into specific
- locations as needed.
- In some cases, it makes sense to have a setscene task
- variant (e.g. generating package files in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write_*</filename></ulink>
- task).
- In other cases, it does not make sense (e.g. a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-patch'><filename>do_patch</filename></ulink>
- task or a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-unpack'><filename>do_unpack</filename></ulink>
- task) since the work involved would be equal to or greater
- than the underlying task.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In the build system, the common tasks that have setscene
- variants are
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>,
- <filename>do_package_write_*</filename>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>,
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-populate_sysroot'><filename>do_populate_sysroot</filename></ulink>.
- Notice that these tasks represent most of the tasks whose
- output is an end result.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The build system has knowledge of the relationship between
- these tasks and other preceding tasks.
- For example, if BitBake runs
- <filename>do_populate_sysroot_setscene</filename> for
- something, it does not make sense to run any of the
- <filename>do_fetch</filename>,
- <filename>do_unpack</filename>,
- <filename>do_patch</filename>,
- <filename>do_configure</filename>,
- <filename>do_compile</filename>, and
- <filename>do_install</filename> tasks.
- However, if <filename>do_package</filename> needs to be
- run, BitBake needs to run those other tasks.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- It becomes more complicated if everything can come
- from an sstate cache because some objects are simply
- not required at all.
- For example, you do not need a compiler or native tools,
- such as quilt, if nothing exists to compile or patch.
- If the <filename>do_package_write_*</filename> packages
- are available from sstate, BitBake does not need the
- <filename>do_package</filename> task data.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- To handle all these complexities, BitBake runs in two
- phases.
- The first is the "setscene" stage.
- During this stage, BitBake first checks the sstate cache
- for any targets it is planning to build.
- BitBake does a fast check to see if the object exists
- rather than a complete download.
- If nothing exists, the second phase, which is the setscene
- stage, completes and the main build proceeds.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If objects are found in the sstate cache, the build system
- works backwards from the end targets specified by the user.
- For example, if an image is being built, the build system
- first looks for the packages needed for that image and the
- tools needed to construct an image.
- If those are available, the compiler is not needed.
- Thus, the compiler is not even downloaded.
- If something was found to be unavailable, or the
- download or setscene task fails, the build system then
- tries to install dependencies, such as the compiler, from
- the cache.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The availability of objects in the sstate cache is
- handled by the function specified by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-BB_HASHCHECK_FUNCTION'><filename>BB_HASHCHECK_FUNCTION</filename></ulink>
- variable and returns a list of available objects.
- The function specified by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-BB_SETSCENE_DEPVALID'><filename>BB_SETSCENE_DEPVALID</filename></ulink>
- variable is the function that determines whether a given
- dependency needs to be followed, and whether for any given
- relationship the function needs to be passed.
- The function returns a True or False value.
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id='images-dev-environment'>
- <title>Images</title>
-
- <para>
- The images produced by the build system are compressed forms
- of the root filesystem and are ready to boot on a target
- device.
- You can see from the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>
- that BitBake output, in part, consists of images.
- This section takes a closer look at this output:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/images.png" align="center" width="5.5in" depth="5.5in" />
- </para>
-
- <note>
- For a list of example images that the Yocto Project provides,
- see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>"
- chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
- </note>
-
- <para>
- The build process writes images out to the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
- inside the
- <filename>tmp/deploy/images/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>/</filename>
- folder as shown in the figure.
- This folder contains any files expected to be loaded on the
- target device.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>
- variable points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory,
- while the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE</filename></ulink>
- variable points to the appropriate directory containing images
- for the current configuration.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <replaceable>kernel-image</replaceable>:
- A kernel binary file.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KERNEL_IMAGETYPE'><filename>KERNEL_IMAGETYPE</filename></ulink>
- variable determines the naming scheme for the
- kernel image file.
- Depending on this variable, the file could begin with
- a variety of naming strings.
- The
- <filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
- directory can contain multiple image files for the
- machine.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <replaceable>root-filesystem-image</replaceable>:
- Root filesystems for the target device (e.g.
- <filename>*.ext3</filename> or
- <filename>*.bz2</filename> files).
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'><filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename></ulink>
- variable determines the root filesystem image type.
- The
- <filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
- directory can contain multiple root filesystems for the
- machine.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <replaceable>kernel-modules</replaceable>:
- Tarballs that contain all the modules built for the
- kernel.
- Kernel module tarballs exist for legacy purposes and
- can be suppressed by setting the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY'><filename>MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY</filename></ulink>
- variable to "0".
- The
- <filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
- directory can contain multiple kernel module tarballs
- for the machine.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <replaceable>bootloaders</replaceable>:
- If applicable to the target machine, bootloaders
- supporting the image.
- The <filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
- directory can contain multiple bootloaders for the
- machine.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <replaceable>symlinks</replaceable>:
- The
- <filename>deploy/images/</filename><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
- folder contains a symbolic link that points to the
- most recently built file for each machine.
- These links might be useful for external scripts that
- need to obtain the latest version of each file.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='sdk-dev-environment'>
- <title>Application Development SDK</title>
-
- <para>
- In the
- <link linkend='general-workflow-figure'>general workflow figure</link>,
- the output labeled "Application Development SDK" represents an
- SDK.
- The SDK generation process differs depending on whether you
- build an extensible SDK (e.g.
- <filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk_ext</filename> <replaceable>imagename</replaceable>)
- or a standard SDK (e.g.
- <filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk</filename> <replaceable>imagename</replaceable>).
- This section takes a closer look at this output:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/sdk.png" align="center" width="9in" depth="7.25in" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The specific form of this output is a set of files that
- includes a self-extracting SDK installer
- (<filename>*.sh</filename>), host and target manifest files,
- and files used for SDK testing.
- When the SDK installer file is run, it installs the SDK.
- The SDK consists of a cross-development toolchain, a set of
- libraries and headers, and an SDK environment setup script.
- Running this installer essentially sets up your
- cross-development environment.
- You can think of the cross-toolchain as the "host"
- part because it runs on the SDK machine.
- You can think of the libraries and headers as the "target"
- part because they are built for the target hardware.
- The environment setup script is added so that you can
- initialize the environment before using the tools.
- </para>
-
- <note><title>Notes</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- The Yocto Project supports several methods by which
- you can set up this cross-development environment.
- These methods include downloading pre-built SDK
- installers or building and installing your own SDK
- installer.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- For background information on cross-development
- toolchains in the Yocto Project development
- environment, see the
- "<link linkend='cross-development-toolchain-generation'>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</link>"
- section.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- For information on setting up a cross-development
- environment, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
- manual.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </note>
-
- <para>
- All the output files for an SDK are written to the
- <filename>deploy/sdk</filename> folder inside the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
- as shown in the previous figure.
- Depending on the type of SDK, several variables exist that help
- configure these files.
- The following list shows the variables associated with an
- extensible SDK:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>:
- Points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_EXT_TYPE'><filename>SDK_EXT_TYPE</filename></ulink>:
- Controls whether or not shared state artifacts are
- copied into the extensible SDK.
- By default, all required shared state artifacts are
- copied into the SDK.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA'><filename>SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA</filename></ulink>:
- Specifies whether or not packagedata is included in the
- extensible SDK for all recipes in the "world" target.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN'><filename>SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN</filename></ulink>:
- Specifies whether or not the toolchain is included
- when building the extensible SDK.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST'><filename>SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST</filename></ulink>:
- A list of variables allowed through from the build
- system configuration into the extensible SDK
- configuration.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_LOCAL_CONF_BLACKLIST'><filename>SDK_LOCAL_CONF_BLACKLIST</filename></ulink>:
- A list of variables not allowed through from the build
- system configuration into the extensible SDK
- configuration.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST'><filename>SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST</filename></ulink>:
- A list of classes to remove from the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-INHERIT'><filename>INHERIT</filename></ulink>
- value globally within the extensible SDK configuration.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- This next list, shows the variables associated with a standard
- SDK:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></ulink>:
- Points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>:
- Specifies the architecture of the machine on which the
- cross-development tools are run to create packages for
- the target hardware.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKIMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>SDKIMAGE_FEATURES</filename></ulink>:
- Lists the features to include in the "target" part
- of the SDK.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK'><filename>TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK</filename></ulink>:
- Lists packages that make up the host part of the SDK
- (i.e. the part that runs on the
- <filename>SDKMACHINE</filename>).
- When you use
- <filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk <replaceable>imagename</replaceable></filename>
- to create the SDK, a set of default packages apply.
- This variable allows you to add more packages.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK'><filename>TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK</filename></ulink>:
- Lists packages that make up the target part of the SDK
- (i.e. the part built for the target hardware).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKPATH'><filename>SDKPATH</filename></ulink>:
- Defines the default SDK installation path offered by
- the installation script.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_HOST_MANIFEST'><filename>SDK_HOST_MANIFEST</filename></ulink>:
- Lists all the installed packages that make up the host
- part of the SDK.
- This variable also plays a minor role for extensible
- SDK development as well.
- However, it is mainly used for the standard SDK.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_TARGET_MANIFEST'><filename>SDK_TARGET_MANIFEST</filename></ulink>:
- Lists all the installed packages that make up the
- target part of the SDK.
- This variable also plays a minor role for extensible
- SDK development as well.
- However, it is mainly used for the standard SDK.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id="cross-development-toolchain-generation">
- <title>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project does most of the work for you when it comes to
- creating
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#cross-development-toolchain'>cross-development toolchains</ulink>.
- This section provides some technical background on how
- cross-development toolchains are created and used.
- For more information on toolchains, you can also see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
- manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In the Yocto Project development environment, cross-development
- toolchains are used to build images and applications that run
- on the target hardware.
- With just a few commands, the OpenEmbedded build system creates
- these necessary toolchains for you.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following figure shows a high-level build environment regarding
- toolchain construction and use.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/cross-development-toolchains.png" width="8in" depth="6in" align="center" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Most of the work occurs on the Build Host.
- This is the machine used to build images and generally work within
- the the Yocto Project environment.
- When you run
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
- to create an image, the OpenEmbedded build system
- uses the host <filename>gcc</filename> compiler to bootstrap a
- cross-compiler named <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
- The <filename>gcc-cross</filename> compiler is what BitBake uses to
- compile source files when creating the target image.
- You can think of <filename>gcc-cross</filename> simply as an
- automatically generated cross-compiler that is used internally
- within BitBake only.
- <note>
- The extensible SDK does not use
- <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename> since this SDK
- ships a copy of the OpenEmbedded build system and the sysroot
- within it contains <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The chain of events that occurs when <filename>gcc-cross</filename> is
- bootstrapped is as follows:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- gcc -> binutils-cross -> gcc-cross-initial -> linux-libc-headers -> glibc-initial -> glibc -> gcc-cross -> gcc-runtime
- </literallayout>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc</filename>:
- The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>binutils-cross</filename>:
- The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run
- the <filename>gcc-cross-initial</filename> phase of the
- bootstrap operation.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc-cross-initial</filename>:
- An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating
- the cross-compiler.
- This stage builds enough of the <filename>gcc-cross</filename>,
- the C library, and other pieces needed to finish building the
- final cross-compiler in later stages.
- This tool is a "native" package (i.e. it is designed to run on
- the build host).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>linux-libc-headers</filename>:
- Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>glibc-initial</filename>:
- An initial version of the Embedded GNU C Library
- (GLIBC) needed to bootstrap <filename>glibc</filename>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>glibc</filename>:
- The GNU C Library.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc-cross</filename>:
- The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
- cross-compiler.
- This stage results in the actual cross-compiler that
- BitBake uses when it builds an image for a targeted
- device.
- <note>
- If you are replacing this cross compiler toolchain
- with a custom version, you must replace
- <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
- </note>
- This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is
- designed to run on the build host).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc-runtime</filename>:
- Runtime libraries resulting from the toolchain bootstrapping
- process.
- This tool produces a binary that consists of the
- runtime libraries need for the targeted device.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You can use the OpenEmbedded build system to build an installer for
- the relocatable SDK used to develop applications.
- When you run the installer, it installs the toolchain, which
- contains the development tools (e.g.,
- <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>,
- <filename>binutils-cross-canadian</filename>, and other
- <filename>nativesdk-*</filename> tools),
- which are tools native to the SDK (i.e. native to
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_ARCH'><filename>SDK_ARCH</filename></ulink>),
- you need to cross-compile and test your software.
- The figure shows the commands you use to easily build out this
- toolchain.
- This cross-development toolchain is built to execute on the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>,
- which might or might not be the same
- machine as the Build Host.
- <note>
- If your target architecture is supported by the Yocto Project,
- you can take advantage of pre-built images that ship with the
- Yocto Project and already contain cross-development toolchain
- installers.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Here is the bootstrap process for the relocatable toolchain:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- gcc -> binutils-crosssdk -> gcc-crosssdk-initial -> linux-libc-headers ->
- glibc-initial -> nativesdk-glibc -> gcc-crosssdk -> gcc-cross-canadian
- </literallayout>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc</filename>:
- The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>binutils-crosssdk</filename>:
- The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run
- the <filename>gcc-crosssdk-initial</filename> phase of the
- bootstrap operation.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc-crosssdk-initial</filename>:
- An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating
- the cross-compiler.
- This stage builds enough of the
- <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename> and supporting pieces so that
- the final stage of the bootstrap process can produce the
- finished cross-compiler.
- This tool is a "native" binary that runs on the build host.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>linux-libc-headers</filename>:
- Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>glibc-initial</filename>:
- An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap
- <filename>nativesdk-glibc</filename>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>nativesdk-glibc</filename>:
- The Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap the
- <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename>:
- The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
- relocatable cross-compiler.
- The <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename> is a transitory
- compiler and never leaves the build host.
- Its purpose is to help in the bootstrap process to create
- the eventual <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>
- compiler, which is relocatable.
- This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is
- designed to run on the build host).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>:
- The final relocatable cross-compiler.
- When run on the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>,
- this tool
- produces executable code that runs on the target device.
- Only one cross-canadian compiler is produced per architecture
- since they can be targeted at different processor optimizations
- using configurations passed to the compiler through the
- compile commands.
- This circumvents the need for multiple compilers and thus
- reduces the size of the toolchains.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <note>
- For information on advantages gained when building a
- cross-development toolchain installer, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-building-an-sdk-installer'>Building an SDK Installer</ulink>"
- appendix in the Yocto Project Application Development and the
- Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
- </note>
- </section>
-
- <section id="shared-state-cache">
- <title>Shared State Cache</title>
-
- <para>
- By design, the OpenEmbedded build system builds everything from
- scratch unless
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
- can determine that parts do not need to be rebuilt.
- Fundamentally, building from scratch is attractive as it means all
- parts are built fresh and no possibility of stale data exists that
- can cause problems.
- When developers hit problems, they typically default back to
- building from scratch so they have a know state from the
- start.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Building an image from scratch is both an advantage and a
- disadvantage to the process.
- As mentioned in the previous paragraph, building from scratch
- ensures that everything is current and starts from a known state.
- However, building from scratch also takes much longer as it
- generally means rebuilding things that do not necessarily need
- to be rebuilt.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project implements shared state code that supports
- incremental builds.
- The implementation of the shared state code answers the following
- questions that were fundamental roadblocks within the OpenEmbedded
- incremental build support system:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- What pieces of the system have changed and what pieces have
- not changed?
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- How are changed pieces of software removed and replaced?
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- How are pre-built components that do not need to be rebuilt
- from scratch used when they are available?
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For the first question, the build system detects changes in the
- "inputs" to a given task by creating a checksum (or signature) of
- the task's inputs.
- If the checksum changes, the system assumes the inputs have changed
- and the task needs to be rerun.
- For the second question, the shared state (sstate) code tracks
- which tasks add which output to the build process.
- This means the output from a given task can be removed, upgraded
- or otherwise manipulated.
- The third question is partly addressed by the solution for the
- second question assuming the build system can fetch the sstate
- objects from remote locations and install them if they are deemed
- to be valid.
- <note><title>Notes</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- The build system does not maintain
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
- information as part of the shared state packages.
- Consequently, considerations exist that affect
- maintaining shared state feeds.
- For information on how the build system works with
- packages and can track incrementing
- <filename>PR</filename> information, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#automatically-incrementing-a-binary-package-revision-number'>Automatically Incrementing a Binary Package Revision Number</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The code in the build system that supports incremental
- builds is not simple code.
- For techniques that help you work around issues related
- to shared state code, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-viewing-metadata-used-to-create-the-input-signature-of-a-shared-state-task'>Viewing Metadata Used to Create the Input Signature of a Shared State Task</ulink>"
- and
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-invalidating-shared-state-to-force-a-task-to-run'>Invalidating Shared State to Force a Task to Run</ulink>"
- sections both in the Yocto Project Development Tasks
- Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The rest of this section goes into detail about the overall
- incremental build architecture, the checksums (signatures), and
- shared state.
- </para>
-
- <section id='concepts-overall-architecture'>
- <title>Overall Architecture</title>
-
- <para>
- When determining what parts of the system need to be built,
- BitBake works on a per-task basis rather than a per-recipe
- basis.
- You might wonder why using a per-task basis is preferred over
- a per-recipe basis.
- To help explain, consider having the IPK packaging backend
- enabled and then switching to DEB.
- In this case, the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
- task outputs are still valid.
- However, with a per-recipe approach, the build would not
- include the <filename>.deb</filename> files.
- Consequently, you would have to invalidate the whole build and
- rerun it.
- Rerunning everything is not the best solution.
- Also, in this case, the core must be "taught" much about
- specific tasks.
- This methodology does not scale well and does not allow users
- to easily add new tasks in layers or as external recipes
- without touching the packaged-staging core.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='overview-checksums'>
- <title>Checksums (Signatures)</title>
-
- <para>
- The shared state code uses a checksum, which is a unique
- signature of a task's inputs, to determine if a task needs to
- be run again.
- Because it is a change in a task's inputs that triggers a
- rerun, the process needs to detect all the inputs to a given
- task.
- For shell tasks, this turns out to be fairly easy because
- the build process generates a "run" shell script for each task
- and it is possible to create a checksum that gives you a good
- idea of when the task's data changes.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- To complicate the problem, there are things that should not be
- included in the checksum.
- First, there is the actual specific build path of a given
- task - the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.
- It does not matter if the work directory changes because it
- should not affect the output for target packages.
- Also, the build process has the objective of making native
- or cross packages relocatable.
- <note>
- Both native and cross packages run on the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#hardware-build-system-term'>build host</ulink>.
- However, cross packages generate output for the target
- architecture.
- </note>
- The checksum therefore needs to exclude
- <filename>WORKDIR</filename>.
- The simplistic approach for excluding the work directory is to
- set <filename>WORKDIR</filename> to some fixed value and
- create the checksum for the "run" script.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Another problem results from the "run" scripts containing
- functions that might or might not get called.
- The incremental build solution contains code that figures out
- dependencies between shell functions.
- This code is used to prune the "run" scripts down to the
- minimum set, thereby alleviating this problem and making the
- "run" scripts much more readable as a bonus.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- So far, solutions for shell scripts exist.
- What about Python tasks?
- The same approach applies even though these tasks are more
- difficult.
- The process needs to figure out what variables a Python
- function accesses and what functions it calls.
- Again, the incremental build solution contains code that first
- figures out the variable and function dependencies, and then
- creates a checksum for the data used as the input to the task.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Like the <filename>WORKDIR</filename> case, situations exist
- where dependencies should be ignored.
- For these situations, you can instruct the build process to
- ignore a dependency by using a line like the following:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardepsexclude] = "MACHINE"
- </literallayout>
- This example ensures that the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCHS'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCHS</filename></ulink>
- variable does not depend on the value of
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>,
- even if it does reference it.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Equally, there are cases where you need to add dependencies
- BitBake is not able to find.
- You can accomplish this by using a line like the following:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardeps] = "MACHINE"
- </literallayout>
- This example explicitly adds the <filename>MACHINE</filename>
- variable as a dependency for
- <filename>PACKAGE_ARCHS</filename>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- As an example, consider a case with in-line Python where
- BitBake is not able to figure out dependencies.
- When running in debug mode (i.e. using
- <filename>-DDD</filename>), BitBake produces output when it
- discovers something for which it cannot figure out dependencies.
- The Yocto Project team has currently not managed to cover
- those dependencies in detail and is aware of the need to fix
- this situation.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Thus far, this section has limited discussion to the direct
- inputs into a task.
- Information based on direct inputs is referred to as the
- "basehash" in the code.
- However, the question of a task's indirect inputs still
- exits - items already built and present in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
- The checksum (or signature) for a particular task needs to add
- the hashes of all the tasks on which the particular task
- depends.
- Choosing which dependencies to add is a policy decision.
- However, the effect is to generate a master checksum that
- combines the basehash and the hashes of the task's
- dependencies.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- At the code level, a variety of ways exist by which both the
- basehash and the dependent task hashes can be influenced.
- Within the BitBake configuration file, you can give BitBake
- some extra information to help it construct the basehash.
- The following statement effectively results in a list of
- global variable dependency excludes (i.e. variables never
- included in any checksum):
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- BB_HASHBASE_WHITELIST ?= "TMPDIR FILE PATH PWD BB_TASKHASH BBPATH DL_DIR \
- SSTATE_DIR THISDIR FILESEXTRAPATHS FILE_DIRNAME HOME LOGNAME SHELL TERM \
- USER FILESPATH STAGING_DIR_HOST STAGING_DIR_TARGET COREBASE PRSERV_HOST \
- PRSERV_DUMPDIR PRSERV_DUMPFILE PRSERV_LOCKDOWN PARALLEL_MAKE \
- CCACHE_DIR EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN CCACHE CCACHE_DISABLE LICENSE_PATH SDKPKGSUFFIX"
- </literallayout>
- The previous example excludes
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>
- since that variable is actually constructed as a path within
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>,
- which is on the whitelist.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The rules for deciding which hashes of dependent tasks to
- include through dependency chains are more complex and are
- generally accomplished with a Python function.
- The code in <filename>meta/lib/oe/sstatesig.py</filename> shows
- two examples of this and also illustrates how you can insert
- your own policy into the system if so desired.
- This file defines the two basic signature generators
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OE-Core</ulink>
- uses: "OEBasic" and "OEBasicHash".
- By default, a dummy "noop" signature handler is enabled
- in BitBake.
- This means that behavior is unchanged from previous versions.
- OE-Core uses the "OEBasicHash" signature handler by default
- through this setting in the <filename>bitbake.conf</filename>
- file:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER ?= "OEBasicHash"
- </literallayout>
- The "OEBasicHash" <filename>BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER</filename>
- is the same as the "OEBasic" version but adds the task hash to
- the
- <link linkend='stamp-files-and-the-rerunning-of-tasks'>stamp files</link>.
- This results in any metadata change that changes the task hash,
- automatically causing the task to be run again.
- This removes the need to bump
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
- values, and changes to metadata automatically ripple across
- the build.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- It is also worth noting that the end result of these
- signature generators is to make some dependency and hash
- information available to the build.
- This information includes:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>BB_BASEHASH_task-</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
- The base hashes for each task in the recipe.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>BB_BASEHASH_</filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
- The base hashes for each dependent task.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>BBHASHDEPS_</filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
- The task dependencies for each task.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>BB_TASKHASH</filename>:
- The hash of the currently running task.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='shared-state'>
- <title>Shared State</title>
-
- <para>
- Checksums and dependencies, as discussed in the previous
- section, solve half the problem of supporting a shared state.
- The other half of the problem is being able to use checksum
- information during the build and being able to reuse or rebuild
- specific components.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-sstate'><filename>sstate</filename></ulink>
- class is a relatively generic implementation of how to
- "capture" a snapshot of a given task.
- The idea is that the build process does not care about the
- source of a task's output.
- Output could be freshly built or it could be downloaded and
- unpacked from somewhere.
- In other words, the build process does not need to worry about
- its origin.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Two types of output exist.
- One type is just about creating a directory in
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.
- A good example is the output of either
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
- or
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>.
- The other type of output occurs when a set of data is merged
- into a shared directory tree such as the sysroot.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project team has tried to keep the details of the
- implementation hidden in <filename>sstate</filename> class.
- From a user's perspective, adding shared state wrapping to a
- task is as simple as this
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>
- example taken from the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-deploy'><filename>deploy</filename></ulink>
- class:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- DEPLOYDIR = "${WORKDIR}/deploy-${PN}"
- SSTATETASKS += "do_deploy"
- do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"
- do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"
-
- python do_deploy_setscene () {
- sstate_setscene(d)
- }
- addtask do_deploy_setscene
- do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"
- do_deploy[stamp-extra-info] = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"
- </literallayout>
- The following list explains the previous example:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- Adding "do_deploy" to <filename>SSTATETASKS</filename>
- adds some required sstate-related processing, which is
- implemented in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-sstate'><filename>sstate</filename></ulink>
- class, to before and after the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>
- task.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The
- <filename>do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"</filename>
- declares that <filename>do_deploy</filename> places its
- output in <filename>${DEPLOYDIR}</filename> when run
- normally (i.e. when not using the sstate cache).
- This output becomes the input to the shared state cache.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The
- <filename>do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"</filename>
- line causes the contents of the shared state cache to be
- copied to <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename>.
- <note>
- If <filename>do_deploy</filename> is not already in
- the shared state cache or if its input checksum
- (signature) has changed from when the output was
- cached, the task runs to populate the shared
- state cache, after which the contents of the shared
- state cache is copied to
- <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename>.
- If <filename>do_deploy</filename> is in the shared
- state cache and its signature indicates that the
- cached output is still valid (i.e. if no
- relevant task inputs have changed), then the
- contents of the shared state cache copies
- directly to
- <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename> by the
- <filename>do_deploy_setscene</filename> task
- instead, skipping the
- <filename>do_deploy</filename> task.
- </note>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The following task definition is glue logic needed to
- make the previous settings effective:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- python do_deploy_setscene () {
- sstate_setscene(d)
- }
- addtask do_deploy_setscene
- </literallayout>
- <filename>sstate_setscene()</filename> takes the flags
- above as input and accelerates the
- <filename>do_deploy</filename> task through the
- shared state cache if possible.
- If the task was accelerated,
- <filename>sstate_setscene()</filename> returns True.
- Otherwise, it returns False, and the normal
- <filename>do_deploy</filename> task runs.
- For more information, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#setscene'>setscene</ulink>"
- section in the BitBake User Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The <filename>do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"</filename>
- line creates <filename>${DEPLOYDIR}</filename> and
- <filename>${B}</filename> before the
- <filename>do_deploy</filename> task runs, and also sets
- the current working directory of
- <filename>do_deploy</filename> to
- <filename>${B}</filename>.
- For more information, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'>Variable Flags</ulink>"
- section in the BitBake User Manual.
- <note>
- In cases where
- <filename>sstate-inputdirs</filename> and
- <filename>sstate-outputdirs</filename> would be the
- same, you can use
- <filename>sstate-plaindirs</filename>.
- For example, to preserve the
- <filename>${PKGD}</filename> and
- <filename>${PKGDEST}</filename> output from the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
- task, use the following:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- do_package[sstate-plaindirs] = "${PKGD} ${PKGDEST}"
- </literallayout>
- </note>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The <filename>do_deploy[stamp-extra-info] = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"</filename>
- line appends extra metadata to the
- <link linkend='stamp-files-and-the-rerunning-of-tasks'>stamp file</link>.
- In this case, the metadata makes the task specific
- to a machine's architecture.
- See
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#ref-bitbake-tasklist'>The Task List</ulink>"
- section in the BitBake User Manual for more
- information on the <filename>stamp-extra-info</filename>
- flag.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>sstate-inputdirs</filename> and
- <filename>sstate-outputdirs</filename> can also be used
- with multiple directories.
- For example, the following declares
- <filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename> and
- <filename>SHLIBWORK</filename> as shared state
- input directories, which populates the shared state
- cache, and <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> and
- <filename>SHLIBSDIR</filename> as the corresponding
- shared state output directories:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- do_package[sstate-inputdirs] = "${PKGDESTWORK} ${SHLIBSWORKDIR}"
- do_package[sstate-outputdirs] = "${PKGDATA_DIR} ${SHLIBSDIR}"
- </literallayout>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- These methods also include the ability to take a
- lockfile when manipulating shared state directory
- structures, for cases where file additions or removals
- are sensitive:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- do_package[sstate-lockfile] = "${PACKAGELOCK}"
- </literallayout>
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Behind the scenes, the shared state code works by looking in
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_MIRRORS'><filename>SSTATE_MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
- for shared state files.
- Here is an example:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\
- file://.* http://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH \n \
- file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH"
- </literallayout>
- <note>
- The shared state directory
- (<filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename>) is organized into
- two-character subdirectories, where the subdirectory
- names are based on the first two characters of the hash.
- If the shared state directory structure for a mirror has the
- same structure as <filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename>, you must
- specify "PATH" as part of the URI to enable the build system
- to map to the appropriate subdirectory.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The shared state package validity can be detected just by
- looking at the filename since the filename contains the task
- checksum (or signature) as described earlier in this section.
- If a valid shared state package is found, the build process
- downloads it and uses it to accelerate the task.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The build processes use the <filename>*_setscene</filename>
- tasks for the task acceleration phase.
- BitBake goes through this phase before the main execution
- code and tries to accelerate any tasks for which it can find
- shared state packages.
- If a shared state package for a task is available, the
- shared state package is used.
- This means the task and any tasks on which it is dependent
- are not executed.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- As a real world example, the aim is when building an IPK-based
- image, only the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_ipk'><filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename></ulink>
- tasks would have their shared state packages fetched and
- extracted.
- Since the sysroot is not used, it would never get extracted.
- This is another reason why a task-based approach is preferred
- over a recipe-based approach, which would have to install the
- output from every task.
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id='automatically-added-runtime-dependencies'>
- <title>Automatically Added Runtime Dependencies</title>
-
- <para>
- The OpenEmbedded build system automatically adds common types of
- runtime dependencies between packages, which means that you do not
- need to explicitly declare the packages using
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RDEPENDS'><filename>RDEPENDS</filename></ulink>.
- Three automatic mechanisms exist (<filename>shlibdeps</filename>,
- <filename>pcdeps</filename>, and <filename>depchains</filename>)
- that handle shared libraries, package configuration (pkg-config)
- modules, and <filename>-dev</filename> and
- <filename>-dbg</filename> packages, respectively.
- For other types of runtime dependencies, you must manually declare
- the dependencies.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>shlibdeps</filename>:
- During the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
- task of each recipe, all shared libraries installed by the
- recipe are located.
- For each shared library, the package that contains the
- shared library is registered as providing the shared
- library.
- More specifically, the package is registered as providing
- the
- <ulink url='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soname'>soname</ulink>
- of the library.
- The resulting shared-library-to-package mapping
- is saved globally in
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></ulink>
- by the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
- task.</para>
-
- <para>Simultaneously, all executables and shared libraries
- installed by the recipe are inspected to see what shared
- libraries they link against.
- For each shared library dependency that is found,
- <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> is queried to
- see if some package (likely from a different recipe)
- contains the shared library.
- If such a package is found, a runtime dependency is added
- from the package that depends on the shared library to the
- package that contains the library.</para>
-
- <para>The automatically added runtime dependency also
- includes a version restriction.
- This version restriction specifies that at least the
- current version of the package that provides the shared
- library must be used, as if
- "<replaceable>package</replaceable> (>= <replaceable>version</replaceable>)"
- had been added to <filename>RDEPENDS</filename>.
- This forces an upgrade of the package containing the shared
- library when installing the package that depends on the
- library, if needed.</para>
-
- <para>If you want to avoid a package being registered as
- providing a particular shared library (e.g. because the library
- is for internal use only), then add the library to
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PRIVATE_LIBS'><filename>PRIVATE_LIBS</filename></ulink>
- inside the package's recipe.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>pcdeps</filename>:
- During the <filename>do_package</filename> task of each
- recipe, all pkg-config modules
- (<filename>*.pc</filename> files) installed by the recipe
- are located.
- For each module, the package that contains the module is
- registered as providing the module.
- The resulting module-to-package mapping is saved globally in
- <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> by the
- <filename>do_packagedata</filename> task.</para>
-
- <para>Simultaneously, all pkg-config modules installed by
- the recipe are inspected to see what other pkg-config
- modules they depend on.
- A module is seen as depending on another module if it
- contains a "Requires:" line that specifies the other module.
- For each module dependency,
- <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> is queried to see if some
- package contains the module.
- If such a package is found, a runtime dependency is added
- from the package that depends on the module to the package
- that contains the module.
- <note>
- The <filename>pcdeps</filename> mechanism most often
- infers dependencies between <filename>-dev</filename>
- packages.
- </note>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>depchains</filename>:
- If a package <filename>foo</filename> depends on a package
- <filename>bar</filename>, then <filename>foo-dev</filename>
- and <filename>foo-dbg</filename> are also made to depend on
- <filename>bar-dev</filename> and
- <filename>bar-dbg</filename>, respectively.
- Taking the <filename>-dev</filename> packages as an
- example, the <filename>bar-dev</filename> package might
- provide headers and shared library symlinks needed by
- <filename>foo-dev</filename>, which shows the need
- for a dependency between the packages.</para>
-
- <para>The dependencies added by
- <filename>depchains</filename> are in the form of
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RRECOMMENDS'><filename>RRECOMMENDS</filename></ulink>.
- <note>
- By default, <filename>foo-dev</filename> also has an
- <filename>RDEPENDS</filename>-style dependency on
- <filename>foo</filename>, because the default value of
- <filename>RDEPENDS_${PN}-dev</filename> (set in
- <filename>bitbake.conf</filename>) includes
- "${PN}".
- </note></para>
-
- <para>To ensure that the dependency chain is never broken,
- <filename>-dev</filename> and <filename>-dbg</filename>
- packages are always generated by default, even if the
- packages turn out to be empty.
- See the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-ALLOW_EMPTY'><filename>ALLOW_EMPTY</filename></ulink>
- variable for more information.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The <filename>do_package</filename> task depends on the
- <filename>do_packagedata</filename> task of each recipe in
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPENDS'><filename>DEPENDS</filename></ulink>
- through use of a
- <filename>[</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'><filename>deptask</filename></ulink><filename>]</filename>
- declaration, which guarantees that the required
- shared-library/module-to-package mapping information will be available
- when needed as long as <filename>DEPENDS</filename> has been
- correctly set.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='fakeroot-and-pseudo'>
- <title>Fakeroot and Pseudo</title>
-
- <para>
- Some tasks are easier to implement when allowed to perform certain
- operations that are normally reserved for the root user (e.g.
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_deb'><filename>do_package_write*</filename></ulink>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-rootfs'><filename>do_rootfs</filename></ulink>,
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-image'><filename>do_image*</filename></ulink>).
- For example, the <filename>do_install</filename> task benefits
- from being able to set the UID and GID of installed files to
- arbitrary values.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- One approach to allowing tasks to perform root-only operations
- would be to require
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
- to run as root.
- However, this method is cumbersome and has security issues.
- The approach that is actually used is to run tasks that benefit
- from root privileges in a "fake" root environment.
- Within this environment, the task and its child processes believe
- that they are running as the root user, and see an internally
- consistent view of the filesystem.
- As long as generating the final output (e.g. a package or an image)
- does not require root privileges, the fact that some earlier
- steps ran in a fake root environment does not cause problems.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The capability to run tasks in a fake root environment is known as
- "<ulink url='http://man.he.net/man1/fakeroot'>fakeroot</ulink>",
- which is derived from the BitBake keyword/variable
- flag that requests a fake root environment for a task.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>,
- the program that implements fakeroot is known as
- <ulink url='https://www.yoctoproject.org/software-item/pseudo/'>Pseudo</ulink>.
- Pseudo overrides system calls by using the environment variable
- <filename>LD_PRELOAD</filename>, which results in the illusion
- of running as root.
- To keep track of "fake" file ownership and permissions resulting
- from operations that require root permissions, Pseudo uses
- an SQLite 3 database.
- This database is stored in
- <filename>${</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink><filename>}/pseudo/files.db</filename>
- for individual recipes.
- Storing the database in a file as opposed to in memory
- gives persistence between tasks and builds, which is not
- accomplished using fakeroot.
- <note><title>Caution</title>
- If you add your own task that manipulates the same files or
- directories as a fakeroot task, then that task also needs to
- run under fakeroot.
- Otherwise, the task cannot run root-only operations, and
- cannot see the fake file ownership and permissions set by the
- other task.
- You need to also add a dependency on
- <filename>virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot</filename>,
- giving the following:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- fakeroot do_mytask () {
- ...
- }
- do_mytask[depends] += "virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot"
- </literallayout>
- </note>
- For more information, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-FAKEROOT'><filename>FAKEROOT*</filename></ulink>
- variables in the BitBake User Manual.
- You can also reference the
- "<ulink url='https://github.com/wrpseudo/pseudo/wiki/WhyNotFakeroot'>Why Not Fakeroot?</ulink>"
- article for background information on Fakeroot and Pseudo.
- </para>
- </section>
-</chapter>
-<!--
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-"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
-[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
-
-<chapter id='overview-development-environment'>
-<title>The Yocto Project Development Environment</title>
-
-<para>
- This chapter takes a look at the Yocto Project development
- environment.
- The chapter provides Yocto Project Development environment concepts that
- help you understand how work is accomplished in an open source environment,
- which is very different as compared to work accomplished in a closed,
- proprietary environment.
-</para>
-
-<para>
- Specifically, this chapter addresses open source philosophy, source
- repositories, workflows, Git, and licensing.
-</para>
-
-<section id='open-source-philosophy'>
- <title>Open Source Philosophy</title>
-
- <para>
- Open source philosophy is characterized by software development
- directed by peer production and collaboration through an active
- community of developers.
- Contrast this to the more standard centralized development models
- used by commercial software companies where a finite set of developers
- produces a product for sale using a defined set of procedures that
- ultimately result in an end product whose architecture and source
- material are closed to the public.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Open source projects conceptually have differing concurrent agendas,
- approaches, and production.
- These facets of the development process can come from anyone in the
- public (community) who has a stake in the software project.
- The open source environment contains new copyright, licensing, domain,
- and consumer issues that differ from the more traditional development
- environment.
- In an open source environment, the end product, source material,
- and documentation are all available to the public at no cost.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A benchmark example of an open source project is the Linux kernel,
- which was initially conceived and created by Finnish computer science
- student Linus Torvalds in 1991.
- Conversely, a good example of a non-open source project is the
- <trademark class='registered'>Windows</trademark> family of operating
- systems developed by
- <trademark class='registered'>Microsoft</trademark> Corporation.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Wikipedia has a good historical description of the Open Source
- Philosophy
- <ulink url='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source'>here</ulink>.
- You can also find helpful information on how to participate in the
- Linux Community
- <ulink url='http://ldn.linuxfoundation.org/book/how-participate-linux-community'>here</ulink>.
- </para>
-</section>
-
-<section id='gs-the-development-host'>
- <title>The Development Host</title>
-
- <para>
- A development host or
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#hardware-build-system-term'>build host</ulink>
- is key to using the Yocto Project.
- Because the goal of the Yocto Project is to develop images or
- applications that run on embedded hardware, development of those
- images and applications generally takes place on a system not
- intended to run the software - the development host.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You need to set up a development host in order to use it with the
- Yocto Project.
- Most find that it is best to have a native Linux machine function as
- the development host.
- However, it is possible to use a system that does not run Linux
- as its operating system as your development host.
- When you have a Mac or Windows-based system, you can set it up
- as the development host by using
- <ulink url='https://github.com/crops/poky-container'>CROPS</ulink>,
- which leverages
- <ulink url='https://www.docker.com/'>Docker Containers</ulink>.
- Once you take the steps to set up a CROPS machine, you effectively
- have access to a shell environment that is similar to what you see
- when using a Linux-based development host.
- For the steps needed to set up a system using CROPS, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#setting-up-to-use-crops'>Setting Up to Use CROss PlatformS (CROPS)</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If your development host is going to be a system that runs a Linux
- distribution, steps still exist that you must take to prepare the
- system for use with the Yocto Project.
- You need to be sure that the Linux distribution on the system is
- one that supports the Yocto Project.
- You also need to be sure that the correct set of host packages are
- installed that allow development using the Yocto Project.
- For the steps needed to set up a development host that runs Linux,
- see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#setting-up-a-native-linux-host'>Setting Up a Native Linux Host</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Once your development host is set up to use the Yocto Project,
- several methods exist for you to do work in the Yocto Project
- environment:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Command Lines, BitBake, and Shells:</emphasis>
- Traditional development in the Yocto Project involves using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>,
- which uses BitBake, in a command-line environment from a shell
- on your development host.
- You can accomplish this from a host that is a native Linux
- machine or from a host that has been set up with CROPS.
- Either way, you create, modify, and build images and
- applications all within a shell-based environment using
- components and tools available through your Linux distribution
- and the Yocto Project.</para>
-
- <para>For a general flow of the build procedures, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-building-a-simple-image'>Building a Simple Image</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Board Support Package (BSP) Development:</emphasis>
- Development of BSPs involves using the Yocto Project to
- create and test layers that allow easy development of
- images and applications targeted for specific hardware.
- To development BSPs, you need to take some additional steps
- beyond what was described in setting up a development host.
- </para>
-
- <para>The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>
- provides BSP-related development information.
- For specifics on development host preparation, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#preparing-your-build-host-to-work-with-bsp-layers'>Preparing Your Build Host to Work With BSP Layers</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP)
- Developer's Guide.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Kernel Development:</emphasis>
- If you are going to be developing kernels using the Yocto
- Project you likely will be using <filename>devtool</filename>.
- A workflow using <filename>devtool</filename> makes kernel
- development quicker by reducing iteration cycle times.</para>
-
- <para>The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual</ulink>
- provides kernel-related development information.
- For specifics on development host preparation, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;#preparing-the-build-host-to-work-on-the-kernel'>Preparing the Build Host to Work on the Kernel</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Using Toaster:</emphasis>
- The other Yocto Project development method that involves an
- interface that effectively puts the Yocto Project into the
- background is Toaster.
- Toaster provides an interface to the OpenEmbedded build system.
- The interface enables you to configure and run your builds.
- Information about builds is collected and stored in a database.
- You can use Toaster to configure and start builds on multiple
- remote build servers.</para>
-
- <para>For steps that show you how to set up your development
- host to use Toaster and on how to use Toaster in general,
- see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_TOAST_URL;'>Toaster User Manual</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-</section>
-
-<section id='yocto-project-repositories'>
- <title>Yocto Project Source Repositories</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project team maintains complete source repositories for all
- Yocto Project files at
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'></ulink>.
- This web-based source code browser is organized into categories by
- function such as IDE Plugins, Matchbox, Poky, Yocto Linux Kernel, and
- so forth.
- From the interface, you can click on any particular item in the "Name"
- column and see the URL at the bottom of the page that you need to clone
- a Git repository for that particular item.
- Having a local Git repository of the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>,
- which is usually named "poky", allows
- you to make changes, contribute to the history, and ultimately enhance
- the Yocto Project's tools, Board Support Packages, and so forth.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For any supported release of Yocto Project, you can also go to the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project Website</ulink> and
- select the "DOWNLOADS" item from the "SOFTWARE" menu and get a
- released tarball of the <filename>poky</filename> repository, any
- supported BSP tarball, or Yocto Project tools.
- Unpacking these tarballs gives you a snapshot of the released
- files.
- <note><title>Notes</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- The recommended method for setting up the Yocto Project
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
- and the files for supported BSPs
- (e.g., <filename>meta-intel</filename>) is to use
- <link linkend='git'>Git</link> to create a local copy of
- the upstream repositories.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- Be sure to always work in matching branches for both
- the selected BSP repository and the Source Directory
- (i.e. <filename>poky</filename>) repository.
- For example, if you have checked out the "master" branch
- of <filename>poky</filename> and you are going to use
- <filename>meta-intel</filename>, be sure to checkout the
- "master" branch of <filename>meta-intel</filename>.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In summary, here is where you can get the project files needed for
- development:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para id='source-repositories'>
- <emphasis>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories:</ulink>
- </emphasis>
- This area contains IDE Plugins, Matchbox, Poky, Poky Support,
- Tools, Yocto Linux Kernel, and Yocto Metadata Layers.
- You can create local copies of Git repositories for each of
- these areas.</para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/source-repos.png" align="center" width="6in" depth="4in" />
- For steps on how to view and access these upstream Git
- repositories, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#accessing-source-repositories'>Accessing Source Repositories</ulink>"
- Section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para><anchor id='index-downloads' />
- <emphasis>
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DL_URL;/releases/'>Index of /releases:</ulink>
- </emphasis>
- This is an index of releases such as Poky, Pseudo, installers
- for cross-development toolchains, miscellaneous support
- and all released versions of Yocto Project in the form of
- images or tarballs.
- Downloading and extracting these files does not produce a local
- copy of the Git repository but rather a snapshot of a
- particular release or image.</para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/index-downloads.png" align="center" width="6in" depth="3.5in" />
- For steps on how to view and access these files, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#accessing-index-of-releases'>Accessing Index of Releases</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para id='downloads-page'>
- <emphasis>"DOWNLOADS" page for the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project Website</ulink>:
- </emphasis></para>
-
- <para>The Yocto Project website includes a "DOWNLOADS" page
- accessible through the "SOFTWARE" menu that allows you to
- download any Yocto Project release, tool, and Board Support
- Package (BSP) in tarball form.
- The tarballs are similar to those found in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DL_URL;/releases/'>Index of /releases:</ulink>
- area.</para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/yp-download.png" align="center" width="6in" depth="4in" />
- For steps on how to use the "DOWNLOADS" page, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#using-the-downloads-page'>Using the Downloads Page</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-</section>
-
-<section id='gs-git-workflows-and-the-yocto-project'>
- <title>Git Workflows and the Yocto Project</title>
-
- <para>
- Developing using the Yocto Project likely requires the use of
- <link linkend='git'>Git</link>.
- Git is a free, open source distributed version control system
- used as part of many collaborative design environments.
- This section provides workflow concepts using the Yocto Project and
- Git.
- In particular, the information covers basic practices that describe
- roles and actions in a collaborative development environment.
- <note>
- If you are familiar with this type of development environment, you
- might not want to read this section.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project files are maintained using Git in "branches"
- whose Git histories track every change and whose structures
- provide branches for all diverging functionality.
- Although there is no need to use Git, many open source projects do so.
- <para>
-
- </para>
- For the Yocto Project, a key individual called the "maintainer" is
- responsible for the integrity of the "master" branch of a given Git
- repository.
- The "master" branch is the “upstream” repository from which final or
- most recent builds of a project occur.
- The maintainer is responsible for accepting changes from other
- developers and for organizing the underlying branch structure to
- reflect release strategies and so forth.
- <note>
- For information on finding out who is responsible for (maintains)
- a particular area of code in the Yocto Project, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#how-to-submit-a-change'>Submitting a Change to the Yocto Project</ulink>"
- section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project <filename>poky</filename> Git repository also has an
- upstream contribution Git repository named
- <filename>poky-contrib</filename>.
- You can see all the branches in this repository using the web interface
- of the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink> organized
- within the "Poky Support" area.
- These branches hold changes (commits) to the project that have been
- submitted or committed by the Yocto Project development team and by
- community members who contribute to the project.
- The maintainer determines if the changes are qualified to be moved
- from the "contrib" branches into the "master" branch of the Git
- repository.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Developers (including contributing community members) create and
- maintain cloned repositories of upstream branches.
- The cloned repositories are local to their development platforms and
- are used to develop changes.
- When a developer is satisfied with a particular feature or change,
- they "push" the change to the appropriate "contrib" repository.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Developers are responsible for keeping their local repository
- up-to-date with whatever upstream branch they are working against.
- They are also responsible for straightening out any conflicts that
- might arise within files that are being worked on simultaneously by
- more than one person.
- All this work is done locally on the development host before
- anything is pushed to a "contrib" area and examined at the maintainer’s
- level.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A somewhat formal method exists by which developers commit changes
- and push them into the "contrib" area and subsequently request that
- the maintainer include them into an upstream branch.
- This process is called “submitting a patch” or "submitting a change."
- For information on submitting patches and changes, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#how-to-submit-a-change'>Submitting a Change to the Yocto Project</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In summary, a single point of entry
- exists for changes into a "master" or development branch of the
- Git repository, which is controlled by the project’s maintainer.
- And, a set of developers exist who independently develop, test, and
- submit changes to "contrib" areas for the maintainer to examine.
- The maintainer then chooses which changes are going to become a
- permanent part of the project.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/git-workflow.png" width="6in" depth="3in" align="left" scalefit="1" />
- </para>
-
- <para>
- While each development environment is unique, there are some best
- practices or methods that help development run smoothly.
- The following list describes some of these practices.
- For more information about Git workflows, see the workflow topics in
- the
- <ulink url='http://book.git-scm.com'>Git Community Book</ulink>.
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Make Small Changes:</emphasis>
- It is best to keep the changes you commit small as compared to
- bundling many disparate changes into a single commit.
- This practice not only keeps things manageable but also allows
- the maintainer to more easily include or refuse changes.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Make Complete Changes:</emphasis>
- It is also good practice to leave the repository in a
- state that allows you to still successfully build your project.
- In other words, do not commit half of a feature,
- then add the other half as a separate, later commit.
- Each commit should take you from one buildable project state
- to another buildable state.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Use Branches Liberally:</emphasis>
- It is very easy to create, use, and delete local branches in
- your working Git repository on the development host.
- You can name these branches anything you like.
- It is helpful to give them names associated with the particular
- feature or change on which you are working.
- Once you are done with a feature or change and have merged it
- into your local master branch, simply discard the temporary
- branch.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Merge Changes:</emphasis>
- The <filename>git merge</filename> command allows you to take
- the changes from one branch and fold them into another branch.
- This process is especially helpful when more than a single
- developer might be working on different parts of the same
- feature.
- Merging changes also automatically identifies any collisions
- or "conflicts" that might happen as a result of the same lines
- of code being altered by two different developers.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Manage Branches:</emphasis>
- Because branches are easy to use, you should use a system
- where branches indicate varying levels of code readiness.
- For example, you can have a "work" branch to develop in, a
- "test" branch where the code or change is tested, a "stage"
- branch where changes are ready to be committed, and so forth.
- As your project develops, you can merge code across the
- branches to reflect ever-increasing stable states of the
- development.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Use Push and Pull:</emphasis>
- The push-pull workflow is based on the concept of developers
- "pushing" local commits to a remote repository, which is
- usually a contribution repository.
- This workflow is also based on developers "pulling" known
- states of the project down into their local development
- repositories.
- The workflow easily allows you to pull changes submitted by
- other developers from the upstream repository into your
- work area ensuring that you have the most recent software
- on which to develop.
- The Yocto Project has two scripts named
- <filename>create-pull-request</filename> and
- <filename>send-pull-request</filename> that ship with the
- release to facilitate this workflow.
- You can find these scripts in the <filename>scripts</filename>
- folder of the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
- For information on how to use these scripts, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#pushing-a-change-upstream'>Using Scripts to Push a Change Upstream and Request a Pull</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Patch Workflow:</emphasis>
- This workflow allows you to notify the maintainer through an
- email that you have a change (or patch) you would like
- considered for the "master" branch of the Git repository.
- To send this type of change, you format the patch and then
- send the email using the Git commands
- <filename>git format-patch</filename> and
- <filename>git send-email</filename>.
- For information on how to use these scripts, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#how-to-submit-a-change'>Submitting a Change to the Yocto Project</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-</section>
-
-<section id='git'>
- <title>Git</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project makes extensive use of Git, which is a
- free, open source distributed version control system.
- Git supports distributed development, non-linear development,
- and can handle large projects.
- It is best that you have some fundamental understanding
- of how Git tracks projects and how to work with Git if
- you are going to use the Yocto Project for development.
- This section provides a quick overview of how Git works and
- provides you with a summary of some essential Git commands.
- <note><title>Notes</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- For more information on Git, see
- <ulink url='http://git-scm.com/documentation'></ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- If you need to download Git, it is recommended that you add
- Git to your system through your distribution's "software
- store" (e.g. for Ubuntu, use the Ubuntu Software feature).
- For the Git download page, see
- <ulink url='http://git-scm.com/download'></ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- For information beyond the introductory nature in this
- section, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#locating-yocto-project-source-files'>Locating Yocto Project Source Files</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <section id='repositories-tags-and-branches'>
- <title>Repositories, Tags, and Branches</title>
-
- <para>
- As mentioned briefly in the previous section and also in the
- "<link linkend='gs-git-workflows-and-the-yocto-project'>Git Workflows and the Yocto Project</link>"
- section, the Yocto Project maintains source repositories at
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'></ulink>.
- If you look at this web-interface of the repositories, each item
- is a separate Git repository.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Git repositories use branching techniques that track content
- change (not files) within a project (e.g. a new feature or updated
- documentation).
- Creating a tree-like structure based on project divergence allows
- for excellent historical information over the life of a project.
- This methodology also allows for an environment from which you can
- do lots of local experimentation on projects as you develop
- changes or new features.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A Git repository represents all development efforts for a given
- project.
- For example, the Git repository <filename>poky</filename> contains
- all changes and developments for that repository over the course
- of its entire life.
- That means that all changes that make up all releases are captured.
- The repository maintains a complete history of changes.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You can create a local copy of any repository by "cloning" it
- with the <filename>git clone</filename> command.
- When you clone a Git repository, you end up with an identical
- copy of the repository on your development system.
- Once you have a local copy of a repository, you can take steps to
- develop locally.
- For examples on how to clone Git repositories, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#locating-yocto-project-source-files'>Locating Yocto Project Source Files</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- It is important to understand that Git tracks content change and
- not files.
- Git uses "branches" to organize different development efforts.
- For example, the <filename>poky</filename> repository has
- several branches that include the current "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;"
- branch, the "master" branch, and many branches for past
- Yocto Project releases.
- You can see all the branches by going to
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/poky/'></ulink> and
- clicking on the
- <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/poky/refs/heads'>[...]</ulink></filename>
- link beneath the "Branch" heading.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Each of these branches represents a specific area of development.
- The "master" branch represents the current or most recent
- development.
- All other branches represent offshoots of the "master" branch.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- When you create a local copy of a Git repository, the copy has
- the same set of branches as the original.
- This means you can use Git to create a local working area
- (also called a branch) that tracks a specific development branch
- from the upstream source Git repository.
- in other words, you can define your local Git environment to
- work on any development branch in the repository.
- To help illustrate, consider the following example Git commands:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- $ cd ~
- $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky
- $ cd poky
- $ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP; origin/&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;
- </literallayout>
- In the previous example after moving to the home directory, the
- <filename>git clone</filename> command creates a
- local copy of the upstream <filename>poky</filename> Git repository.
- By default, Git checks out the "master" branch for your work.
- After changing the working directory to the new local repository
- (i.e. <filename>poky</filename>), the
- <filename>git checkout</filename> command creates
- and checks out a local branch named "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;", which
- tracks the upstream "origin/&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch.
- Changes you make while in this branch would ultimately affect
- the upstream "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch of the
- <filename>poky</filename> repository.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- It is important to understand that when you create and checkout a
- local working branch based on a branch name,
- your local environment matches the "tip" of that particular
- development branch at the time you created your local branch,
- which could be different from the files in the "master" branch
- of the upstream repository.
- In other words, creating and checking out a local branch based on
- the "&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;" branch name is not the same as
- checking out the "master" branch in the repository.
- Keep reading to see how you create a local snapshot of a Yocto
- Project Release.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Git uses "tags" to mark specific changes in a repository branch
- structure.
- Typically, a tag is used to mark a special point such as the final
- change (or commit) before a project is released.
- You can see the tags used with the <filename>poky</filename> Git
- repository by going to
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/poky/'></ulink> and
- clicking on the
- <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/poky/refs/tags'>[...]</ulink></filename>
- link beneath the "Tag" heading.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Some key tags for the <filename>poky</filename> repository are
- <filename>jethro-14.0.3</filename>,
- <filename>morty-16.0.1</filename>,
- <filename>pyro-17.0.0</filename>, and
- <filename>&DISTRO_NAME_NO_CAP;-&POKYVERSION;</filename>.
- These tags represent Yocto Project releases.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- When you create a local copy of the Git repository, you also
- have access to all the tags in the upstream repository.
- Similar to branches, you can create and checkout a local working
- Git branch based on a tag name.
- When you do this, you get a snapshot of the Git repository that
- reflects the state of the files when the change was made associated
- with that tag.
- The most common use is to checkout a working branch that matches
- a specific Yocto Project release.
- Here is an example:
- <literallayout class='monospaced'>
- $ cd ~
- $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky
- $ cd poky
- $ git fetch --tags
- $ git checkout tags/rocko-18.0.0 -b my_rocko-18.0.0
- </literallayout>
- In this example, the name of the top-level directory of your
- local Yocto Project repository is <filename>poky</filename>.
- After moving to the <filename>poky</filename> directory, the
- <filename>git fetch</filename> command makes all the upstream
- tags available locally in your repository.
- Finally, the <filename>git checkout</filename> command
- creates and checks out a branch named "my-rocko-18.0.0" that is
- based on the upstream branch whose "HEAD" matches the
- commit in the repository associated with the "rocko-18.0.0" tag.
- The files in your repository now exactly match that particular
- Yocto Project release as it is tagged in the upstream Git
- repository.
- It is important to understand that when you create and
- checkout a local working branch based on a tag, your environment
- matches a specific point in time and not the entire development
- branch (i.e. from the "tip" of the branch backwards).
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='basic-commands'>
- <title>Basic Commands</title>
-
- <para>
- Git has an extensive set of commands that lets you manage changes
- and perform collaboration over the life of a project.
- Conveniently though, you can manage with a small set of basic
- operations and workflows once you understand the basic
- philosophy behind Git.
- You do not have to be an expert in Git to be functional.
- A good place to look for instruction on a minimal set of Git
- commands is
- <ulink url='http://git-scm.com/documentation'>here</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following list of Git commands briefly describes some basic
- Git operations as a way to get started.
- As with any set of commands, this list (in most cases) simply shows
- the base command and omits the many arguments it supports.
- See the Git documentation for complete descriptions and strategies
- on how to use these commands:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git init</filename>:</emphasis>
- Initializes an empty Git repository.
- You cannot use Git commands unless you have a
- <filename>.git</filename> repository.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para id='git-commands-clone'>
- <emphasis><filename>git clone</filename>:</emphasis>
- Creates a local clone of a Git repository that is on
- equal footing with a fellow developer’s Git repository
- or an upstream repository.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git add</filename>:</emphasis>
- Locally stages updated file contents to the index that
- Git uses to track changes.
- You must stage all files that have changed before you
- can commit them.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git commit</filename>:</emphasis>
- Creates a local "commit" that documents the changes you
- made.
- Only changes that have been staged can be committed.
- Commits are used for historical purposes, for determining
- if a maintainer of a project will allow the change,
- and for ultimately pushing the change from your local
- Git repository into the project’s upstream repository.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git status</filename>:</emphasis>
- Reports any modified files that possibly need to be
- staged and gives you a status of where you stand regarding
- local commits as compared to the upstream repository.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git checkout</filename> <replaceable>branch-name</replaceable>:</emphasis>
- Changes your local working branch and in this form
- assumes the local branch already exists.
- This command is analogous to "cd".
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git checkout –b</filename> <replaceable>working-branch</replaceable> <replaceable>upstream-branch</replaceable>:</emphasis>
- Creates and checks out a working branch on your local
- machine.
- The local branch tracks the upstream branch.
- You can use your local branch to isolate your work.
- It is a good idea to use local branches when adding
- specific features or changes.
- Using isolated branches facilitates easy removal of
- changes if they do not work out.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>git branch</filename>:</emphasis>
- Displays the existing local branches associated with your
- local repository.
- The branch that you have currently checked out is noted
- with an asterisk character.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git branch -D</filename> <replaceable>branch-name</replaceable>:</emphasis>
- Deletes an existing local branch.
- You need to be in a local branch other than the one you
- are deleting in order to delete
- <replaceable>branch-name</replaceable>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git pull --rebase</filename>:</emphasis>
- Retrieves information from an upstream Git repository
- and places it in your local Git repository.
- You use this command to make sure you are synchronized with
- the repository from which you are basing changes
- (.e.g. the "master" branch).
- The "--rebase" option ensures that any local commits you
- have in your branch are preserved at the top of your
- local branch.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git push</filename> <replaceable>repo-name</replaceable> <replaceable>local-branch</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>upstream-branch</replaceable>:</emphasis>
- Sends all your committed local changes to the upstream Git
- repository that your local repository is tracking
- (e.g. a contribution repository).
- The maintainer of the project draws from these repositories
- to merge changes (commits) into the appropriate branch
- of project's upstream repository.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git merge</filename>:</emphasis>
- Combines or adds changes from one
- local branch of your repository with another branch.
- When you create a local Git repository, the default branch
- is named "master".
- A typical workflow is to create a temporary branch that is
- based off "master" that you would use for isolated work.
- You would make your changes in that isolated branch,
- stage and commit them locally, switch to the "master"
- branch, and then use the <filename>git merge</filename>
- command to apply the changes from your isolated branch
- into the currently checked out branch (e.g. "master").
- After the merge is complete and if you are done with
- working in that isolated branch, you can safely delete
- the isolated branch.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git cherry-pick</filename> <replaceable>commits</replaceable>:</emphasis>
- Choose and apply specific commits from one branch
- into another branch.
- There are times when you might not be able to merge
- all the changes in one branch with
- another but need to pick out certain ones.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>gitk</filename>:</emphasis>
- Provides a GUI view of the branches and changes in your
- local Git repository.
- This command is a good way to graphically see where things
- have diverged in your local repository.
- <note>
- You need to install the <filename>gitk</filename>
- package on your development system to use this
- command.
- </note>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git log</filename>:</emphasis>
- Reports a history of your commits to the repository.
- This report lists all commits regardless of whether you
- have pushed them upstream or not.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>git diff</filename>:</emphasis>
- Displays line-by-line differences between a local
- working file and the same file as understood by Git.
- This command is useful to see what you have changed
- in any given file.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-</section>
-
-<section id='licensing'>
- <title>Licensing</title>
-
- <para>
- Because open source projects are open to the public, they have
- different licensing structures in place.
- License evolution for both Open Source and Free Software has an
- interesting history.
- If you are interested in this history, you can find basic information
- here:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license'>Open source license history</ulink>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <ulink url='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_license'>Free software license history</ulink>
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In general, the Yocto Project is broadly licensed under the
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) License.
- MIT licensing permits the reuse of software within proprietary
- software as long as the license is distributed with that software.
- MIT is also compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL).
- Patches to the Yocto Project follow the upstream licensing scheme.
- You can find information on the MIT license
- <ulink url='http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php'>here</ulink>.
- You can find information on the GNU GPL
- <ulink url='http://www.opensource.org/licenses/LGPL-3.0'>here</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- When you build an image using the Yocto Project, the build process
- uses a known list of licenses to ensure compliance.
- You can find this list in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
- at <filename>meta/files/common-licenses</filename>.
- Once the build completes, the list of all licenses found and used
- during that build are kept in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
- at <filename>tmp/deploy/licenses</filename>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If a module requires a license that is not in the base list, the
- build process generates a warning during the build.
- These tools make it easier for a developer to be certain of the
- licenses with which their shipped products must comply.
- However, even with these tools it is still up to the developer to
- resolve potential licensing issues.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The base list of licenses used by the build process is a combination
- of the Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) list and the Open
- Source Initiative (OSI) projects.
- <ulink url='http://spdx.org'>SPDX Group</ulink> is a working group of
- the Linux Foundation that maintains a specification for a standard
- format for communicating the components, licenses, and copyrights
- associated with a software package.
- <ulink url='http://opensource.org'>OSI</ulink> is a corporation
- dedicated to the Open Source Definition and the effort for reviewing
- and approving licenses that conform to the Open Source Definition
- (OSD).
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You can find a list of the combined SPDX and OSI licenses that the
- Yocto Project uses in the
- <filename>meta/files/common-licenses</filename> directory in your
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For information that can help you maintain compliance with various
- open source licensing during the lifecycle of a product created using
- the Yocto Project, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#maintaining-open-source-license-compliance-during-your-products-lifecycle'>Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
-</section>
-</chapter>
-<!--
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diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual-intro.xml b/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual-intro.xml
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-<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
-"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
-[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
-
-<chapter id='overview-manual-intro'>
-
-<title>The Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual</title>
- <section id='overview-manual-welcome'>
- <title>Welcome</title>
-
- <para>
- Welcome to the Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual!
- This manual introduces the Yocto Project by providing concepts,
- software overviews, best-known-methods (BKMs), and any other
- high-level introductory information suitable for a new Yocto
- Project user.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following list describes what you can get from this manual:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><link linkend='overview-yp'>Introducing the Yocto Project</link>:</emphasis>
- This chapter provides an introduction to the Yocto
- Project.
- You will learn about features and challenges of the
- Yocto Project, the layer model, components and tools,
- development methods, the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#poky'>Poky</ulink>
- reference distribution, the OpenEmbedded build system
- workflow, and some basic Yocto terms.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><link linkend='overview-development-environment'>The Yocto Project Development Environment</link>:</emphasis>
- This chapter helps you get started understanding the
- Yocto Project development environment.
- You will learn about open source, development hosts,
- Yocto Project source repositories, workflows using Git
- and the Yocto Project, a Git primer, and information
- about licensing.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><link linkend='overview-manual-concepts'>Yocto Project Concepts</link>:</emphasis>
- This chapter presents various concepts regarding the
- Yocto Project.
- You can find conceptual information about components,
- development, cross-toolchains, and so forth.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This manual does not give you the following:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Step-by-step Instructions for Development Tasks:</emphasis>
- Instructional procedures reside in other manuals within
- the Yocto Project documentation set.
- For example, the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual</ulink>
- provides examples on how to perform various development
- tasks.
- As another example, the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
- manual contains detailed instructions on how to install an
- SDK, which is used to develop applications for target
- hardware.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Reference Material:</emphasis>
- This type of material resides in an appropriate reference
- manual.
- For example, system variables are documented in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;'>Yocto Project Reference Manual</ulink>.
- As another example, the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>
- contains reference information on BSPs.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Detailed Public Information Not Specific to the
- Yocto Project:</emphasis>
- For example, exhaustive information on how to use the
- Source Control Manager Git is better covered with Internet
- searches and official Git Documentation than through the
- Yocto Project documentation.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='overview-manual-other-information'>
- <title>Other Information</title>
-
- <para>
- Because this manual presents information for many different
- topics, supplemental information is recommended for full
- comprehension.
- For additional introductory information on the Yocto Project, see
- the <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project Website</ulink>.
- If you want to build an image with no knowledge of Yocto Project
- as a way of quickly testing it out, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BRIEF_URL;'>Yocto Project Quick Build</ulink>
- document.
- For a comprehensive list of links and other documentation, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#resources-links-and-related-documentation'>Links and Related Documentation</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
- </para>
- </section>
-</chapter>
-<!--
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- Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet.
-
- Browser wrangling and typographic design by
- Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org
-
- Customised for Poky by
- Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com
-
- Thanks to:
- Liam R. E. Quin
- William Skaggs
- Jakub Steiner
-
- Structure
- ---------
-
- The stylesheet is divided into the following sections:
-
- Positioning
- Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing.
- Decorations
- Borders, style
- Colors
- Colors
- Graphics
- Graphical backgrounds
- Nasty IE tweaks
- Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer,
- currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until
- this point it is validating.
- Mozilla extensions
- Transparency for footer
- Rounded corners on boxes
-
-*/
-
-
- /*************** /
- / Positioning /
-/ ***************/
-
-body {
- font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif;
-
- min-width: 640px;
- width: 80%;
- margin: 0em auto;
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diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual-yp-intro.xml b/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual-yp-intro.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b60a30302..0000000000
--- a/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual-yp-intro.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1332 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
-"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
-[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
-
-<chapter id='overview-yp'>
- <title>Introducing the Yocto Project</title>
-
- <section id='what-is-the-yocto-project'>
- <title>What is the Yocto Project?</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project is an open source collaboration project
- that helps developers create custom Linux-based systems that are
- designed for embedded products regardless of the product's hardware
- architecture.
- Yocto Project provides a flexible toolset and a development
- environment that allows embedded device developers across the
- world to collaborate through shared technologies, software stacks,
- configurations, and best practices used to create these tailored
- Linux images.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Thousands of developers worldwide have discovered that Yocto
- Project provides advantages in both systems and applications
- development, archival and management benefits, and customizations
- used for speed, footprint, and memory utilization.
- The project is a standard when it comes to delivering embedded
- software stacks.
- The project allows software customizations and build interchange
- for multiple hardware platforms as well as software stacks that
- can be maintained and scaled.
- </para>
-
- <para id='yp-key-dev-elements'>
- <imagedata fileref="figures/key-dev-elements.png" format="PNG" align='center' width="8in"/>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For further introductory information on the Yocto Project, you
- might be interested in this
- <ulink url='https://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/say-what-/4458600/Why-the-Yocto-Project-for-my-IoT-Project-'>article</ulink>
- by Drew Moseley and in this short introductory
- <ulink url='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZpKM7i5Z4'>video</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The remainder of this section overviews advantages and challenges
- tied to the Yocto Project.
- </para>
-
- <section id='gs-features'>
- <title>Features</title>
-
- <para>
- The following list describes features and advantages of the
- Yocto Project:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Widely Adopted Across the Industry:</emphasis>
- Semiconductor, operating system, software, and
- service vendors exist whose products and services
- adopt and support the Yocto Project.
- For a look at the Yocto Project community and
- the companies involved with the Yocto
- Project, see the "COMMUNITY" and "ECOSYSTEM" tabs
- on the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;'>Yocto Project</ulink>
- home page.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Architecture Agnostic:</emphasis>
- Yocto Project supports Intel, ARM, MIPS, AMD, PPC
- and other architectures.
- Most ODMs, OSVs, and chip vendors create and supply
- BSPs that support their hardware.
- If you have custom silicon, you can create a BSP
- that supports that architecture.</para>
-
- <para>Aside from lots of architecture support, the
- Yocto Project fully supports a wide range of device
- emulation through the Quick EMUlator (QEMU).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Images and Code Transfer Easily:</emphasis>
- Yocto Project output can easily move between
- architectures without moving to new development
- environments.
- Additionally, if you have used the Yocto Project to
- create an image or application and you find yourself
- not able to support it, commercial Linux vendors such
- as Wind River, Mentor Graphics, Timesys, and ENEA could
- take it and provide ongoing support.
- These vendors have offerings that are built using
- the Yocto Project.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Flexibility:</emphasis>
- Corporations use the Yocto Project many different ways.
- One example is to create an internal Linux distribution
- as a code base the corporation can use across multiple
- product groups.
- Through customization and layering, a project group
- can leverage the base Linux distribution to create
- a distribution that works for their product needs.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Ideal for Constrained Embedded and IoT devices:</emphasis>
- Unlike a full Linux distribution, you can use the
- Yocto Project to create exactly what you need for
- embedded devices.
- You only add the feature support or packages that you
- absolutely need for the device.
- For devices that have display hardware, you can use
- available system components such as X11, GTK+, Qt,
- Clutter, and SDL (among others) to create a rich user
- experience.
- For devices that do not have a display or where you
- want to use alternative UI frameworks, you can choose
- to not install these components.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Comprehensive Toolchain Capabilities:</emphasis>
- Toolchains for supported architectures satisfy most
- use cases.
- However, if your hardware supports features that are
- not part of a standard toolchain, you can easily
- customize that toolchain through specification of
- platform-specific tuning parameters.
- And, should you need to use a third-party toolchain,
- mechanisms built into the Yocto Project allow for that.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Mechanism Rules Over Policy:</emphasis>
- Focusing on mechanism rather than policy ensures that
- you are free to set policies based on the needs of your
- design instead of adopting decisions enforced by some
- system software provider.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Uses a Layer Model:</emphasis>
- The Yocto Project
- <link linkend='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>layer infrastructure</link>
- groups related functionality into separate bundles.
- You can incrementally add these grouped functionalities
- to your project as needed.
- Using layers to isolate and group functionality
- reduces project complexity and redundancy, allows you
- to easily extend the system, make customizations,
- and keep functionality organized.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Supports Partial Builds:</emphasis>
- You can build and rebuild individual packages as
- needed.
- Yocto Project accomplishes this through its
- <link linkend='shared-state-cache'>shared-state cache</link>
- (sstate) scheme.
- Being able to build and debug components individually
- eases project development.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Releases According to a Strict Schedule:</emphasis>
- Major releases occur on a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-release-process'>six-month cycle</ulink>
- predictably in October and April.
- The most recent two releases support point releases
- to address common vulnerabilities and exposures.
- This predictability is crucial for projects based on
- the Yocto Project and allows development teams to
- plan activities.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Rich Ecosystem of Individuals and Organizations:</emphasis>
- For open source projects, the value of community is
- very important.
- Support forums, expertise, and active developers who
- continue to push the Yocto Project forward are readily
- available.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Binary Reproducibility:</emphasis>
- The Yocto Project allows you to be very specific about
- dependencies and achieves very high percentages of
- binary reproducibility (e.g. 99.8% for
- <filename>core-image-minimal</filename>).
- When distributions are not specific about which
- packages are pulled in and in what order to support
- dependencies, other build systems can arbitrarily
- include packages.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>License Manifest:</emphasis>
- The Yocto Project provides a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#maintaining-open-source-license-compliance-during-your-products-lifecycle'>license manifest</ulink>
- for review by people who need to track the use of open
- source licenses (e.g.legal teams).
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-challenges'>
- <title>Challenges</title>
-
- <para>
- The following list presents challenges you might encounter
- when developing using the Yocto Project:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Steep Learning Curve:</emphasis>
- The Yocto Project has a steep learning curve and has
- many different ways to accomplish similar tasks.
- It can be difficult to choose how to proceed when
- varying methods exist by which to accomplish a given
- task.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Understanding What Changes You Need to Make
- For Your Design Requires Some Research:</emphasis>
- Beyond the simple tutorial stage, understanding what
- changes need to be made for your particular design
- can require a significant amount of research and
- investigation.
- For information that helps you transition from
- trying out the Yocto Project to using it for your
- project, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_URL;/what-i-wish-id-known/'>What I wish I'd Known</ulink>"
- and
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_URL;/transitioning-to-a-custom-environment/'>Transitioning to a Custom Environment for Systems Development</ulink>"
- documents on the Yocto Project website.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Project Workflow Could Be Confusing:</emphasis>
- The
- <link linkend='overview-development-environment'>Yocto Project workflow</link>
- could be confusing if you are used to traditional
- desktop and server software development.
- In a desktop development environment, mechanisms exist
- to easily pull and install new packages, which are
- typically pre-compiled binaries from servers accessible
- over the Internet.
- Using the Yocto Project, you must modify your
- configuration and rebuild to add additional packages.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Working in a Cross-Build Environment Can
- Feel Unfamiliar:</emphasis>
- When developing code to run on a target, compilation,
- execution, and testing done on the actual target
- can be faster than running a BitBake build on a
- development host and then deploying binaries to the
- target for test.
- While the Yocto Project does support development tools
- on the target, the additional step of integrating your
- changes back into the Yocto Project build environment
- would be required.
- Yocto Project supports an intermediate approach that
- involves making changes on the development system
- within the BitBake environment and then deploying only
- the updated packages to the target.</para>
-
- <para>The Yocto Project
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- produces packages in standard formats (i.e. RPM,
- DEB, IPK, and TAR).
- You can deploy these packages into the running system
- on the target by using utilities on the target such
- as <filename>rpm</filename> or
- <filename>ipk</filename>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Initial Build Times Can be Significant:</emphasis>
- Long initial build times are unfortunately unavoidable
- due to the large number of packages initially built
- from scratch for a fully functioning Linux system.
- Once that initial build is completed, however, the
- shared-state (sstate) cache mechanism Yocto Project
- uses keeps the system from rebuilding packages that
- have not been "touched" since the last build.
- The sstate mechanism significantly reduces times
- for successive builds.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>
- <title>The Yocto Project Layer Model</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project's "Layer Model" is a development model for
- embedded and IoT Linux creation that distinguishes the
- Yocto Project from other simple build systems.
- The Layer Model simultaneously supports collaboration and
- customization.
- Layers are repositories that contain related sets of instructions
- that tell the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- what to do.
- You can collaborate, share, and reuse layers.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Layers can contain changes to previous instructions or settings
- at any time.
- This powerful override capability is what allows you to customize
- previously supplied collaborative or community layers to suit your
- product requirements.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You use different layers to logically separate information in your
- build.
- As an example, you could have BSP, GUI, distro configuration,
- middleware, or application layers.
- Putting your entire build into one layer limits and complicates
- future customization and reuse.
- Isolating information into layers, on the other hand, helps
- simplify future customizations and reuse.
- You might find it tempting to keep everything in one layer when
- working on a single project.
- However, the more modular your Metadata, the easier
- it is to cope with future changes.
- <note><title>Notes</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- Use Board Support Package (BSP) layers from silicon
- vendors when possible.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- Familiarize yourself with the
- <ulink url='https://caffelli-staging.yoctoproject.org/software-overview/layers/'>Yocto Project curated layer index</ulink>
- or the
- <ulink url='http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/'>OpenEmbedded layer index</ulink>.
- The latter contains more layers but they are less
- universally validated.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- Layers support the inclusion of technologies, hardware
- components, and software components.
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#making-sure-your-layer-is-compatible-with-yocto-project'>Yocto Project Compatible</ulink>
- designation provides a minimum level of standardization
- that contributes to a strong ecosystem.
- "YP Compatible" is applied to appropriate products and
- software components such as BSPs, other OE-compatible
- layers, and related open-source projects, allowing the
- producer to use Yocto Project badges and branding
- assets.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- To illustrate how layers are used to keep things modular, consider
- machine customizations.
- These types of customizations typically reside in a special layer,
- rather than a general layer, called a BSP Layer.
- Furthermore, the machine customizations should be isolated from
- recipes and Metadata that support a new GUI environment,
- for example.
- This situation gives you a couple of layers: one for the machine
- configurations, and one for the GUI environment.
- It is important to understand, however, that the BSP layer can
- still make machine-specific additions to recipes within the GUI
- environment layer without polluting the GUI layer itself
- with those machine-specific changes.
- You can accomplish this through a recipe that is a BitBake append
- (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) file, which is described later
- in this section.
- <note>
- For general information on BSP layer structure, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>Yocto Project Board Support Packages (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
- contains both general layers and BSP layers right out of the box.
- You can easily identify layers that ship with a Yocto Project
- release in the Source Directory by their names.
- Layers typically have names that begin with the string
- <filename>meta-</filename>.
- <note>
- It is not a requirement that a layer name begin with the
- prefix <filename>meta-</filename>, but it is a commonly
- accepted standard in the Yocto Project community.
- </note>
- For example, if you were to examine the
- <ulink url='https://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/'>tree view</ulink>
- of the <filename>poky</filename> repository, you will see several
- layers: <filename>meta</filename>,
- <filename>meta-skeleton</filename>,
- <filename>meta-selftest</filename>,
- <filename>meta-poky</filename>, and
- <filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename>.
- Each of these repositories represents a distinct layer.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For procedures on how to create layers, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='components-and-tools'>
- <title>Components and Tools</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project employs a collection of components and
- tools used by the project itself, by project developers,
- and by those using the Yocto Project.
- These components and tools are open source projects and
- metadata that are separate from the reference distribution
- (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#poky'>Poky</ulink>)
- and the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>.
- Most of the components and tools are downloaded separately.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This section provides brief overviews of the components and
- tools associated with the Yocto Project.
- </para>
-
- <section id='gs-development-tools'>
- <title>Development Tools</title>
-
- <para>
- The following list consists of tools that help you develop
- images and applications using the Yocto Project:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para id='gs-crops-overview'>
- <emphasis>CROPS:</emphasis>
- <ulink url='https://github.com/crops/poky-container/'>CROPS</ulink>
- is an open source, cross-platform development framework
- that leverages
- <ulink url='https://www.docker.com/'>Docker Containers</ulink>.
- CROPS provides an easily managed, extensible environment
- that allows you to build binaries for a variety of
- architectures on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X hosts.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis><filename>devtool</filename>:</emphasis>
- This command-line tool is available as part of the
- extensible SDK (eSDK) and is its cornerstone.
- You can use <filename>devtool</filename> to help build,
- test, and package software within the eSDK.
- You can use the tool to optionally integrate what you
- build into an image built by the OpenEmbedded build
- system.</para>
-
- <para>The <filename>devtool</filename> command employs
- a number of sub-commands that allow you to add, modify,
- and upgrade recipes.
- As with the OpenEmbedded build system, “recipes”
- represent software packages within
- <filename>devtool</filename>.
- When you use <filename>devtool add</filename>, a recipe
- is automatically created.
- When you use <filename>devtool modify</filename>, the
- specified existing recipe is used in order to determine
- where to get the source code and how to patch it.
- In both cases, an environment is set up so that when
- you build the recipe a source tree that is under your
- control is used in order to allow you to make changes
- to the source as desired.
- By default, both new recipes and the source go into
- a “workspace” directory under the eSDK.
- The <filename>devtool upgrade</filename> command
- updates an existing recipe so that you can build it
- for an updated set of source files.</para>
-
- <para>You can read about the
- <filename>devtool</filename> workflow in the Yocto
- Project Application Development and Extensible
- Software Development Kit (eSDK) Manual in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#using-devtool-in-your-sdk-workflow'>Using <filename>devtool</filename> in Your SDK Workflow'</ulink>"
- section.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK):</emphasis>
- The eSDK provides a cross-development toolchain and
- libraries tailored to the contents of a specific image.
- The eSDK makes it easy to add new applications and
- libraries to an image, modify the source for an
- existing component, test changes on the target
- hardware, and integrate into the rest of the
- OpenEmbedded build system.
- The eSDK gives you a toolchain experience supplemented
- with the powerful set of <filename>devtool</filename>
- commands tailored for the Yocto Project environment.
- </para>
-
- <para>For information on the eSDK, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
- Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Toaster:</emphasis>
- Toaster is a web interface to the Yocto Project
- OpenEmbedded build system.
- Toaster allows you to configure, run, and view
- information about builds.
- For information on Toaster, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_TOAST_URL;'>Toaster User Manual</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-production-tools'>
- <title>Production Tools</title>
-
- <para>
- The following list consists of tools that help production
- related activities using the Yocto Project:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Auto Upgrade Helper:</emphasis>
- This utility when used in conjunction with the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- (BitBake and OE-Core) automatically generates upgrades
- for recipes that are based on new versions of the
- recipes published upstream.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Recipe Reporting System:</emphasis>
- The Recipe Reporting System tracks recipe versions
- available for Yocto Project.
- The main purpose of the system is to help you
- manage the recipes you maintain and to offer a dynamic
- overview of the project.
- The Recipe Reporting System is built on top of the
- <ulink url="http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/layers/">OpenEmbedded Layer Index</ulink>,
- which is a website that indexes OpenEmbedded-Core
- layers.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Patchwork:</emphasis>
- <ulink url='http://jk.ozlabs.org/projects/patchwork/'>Patchwork</ulink>
- is a fork of a project originally started by
- <ulink url='http://ozlabs.org/'>OzLabs</ulink>.
- The project is a web-based tracking system designed
- to streamline the process of bringing contributions
- into a project.
- The Yocto Project uses Patchwork as an organizational
- tool to handle patches, which number in the thousands
- for every release.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>AutoBuilder:</emphasis>
- AutoBuilder is a project that automates build tests
- and quality assurance (QA).
- By using the public AutoBuilder, anyone can determine
- the status of the current "master" branch of Poky.
- <note>
- AutoBuilder is based on
- <ulink url='https://buildbot.net/'>buildbot</ulink>.
- </note></para>
-
- <para>A goal of the Yocto Project is to lead the
- open source industry with a project that automates
- testing and QA procedures.
- In doing so, the project encourages a development
- community that publishes QA and test plans, publicly
- demonstrates QA and test plans, and encourages
- development of tools that automate and test and QA
- procedures for the benefit of the development
- community.</para>
-
- <para>You can learn more about the AutoBuilder used
- by the Yocto Project
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_AB_URL;'>here</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Cross-Prelink:</emphasis>
- Prelinking is the process of pre-computing the load
- addresses and link tables generated by the dynamic
- linker as compared to doing this at runtime.
- Doing this ahead of time results in performance
- improvements when the application is launched and
- reduced memory usage for libraries shared by many
- applications.</para>
-
- <para>Historically, cross-prelink is a variant of
- prelink, which was conceived by
- <ulink url='http://people.redhat.com/jakub/prelink.pdf'>Jakub Jel&iacute;nek</ulink>
- a number of years ago.
- Both prelink and cross-prelink are maintained in the
- same repository albeit on separate branches.
- By providing an emulated runtime dynamic linker
- (i.e. <filename>glibc</filename>-derived
- <filename>ld.so</filename> emulation), the
- cross-prelink project extends the prelink software’s
- ability to prelink a sysroot environment.
- Additionally, the cross-prelink software enables the
- ability to work in sysroot style environments.</para>
-
- <para>The dynamic linker determines standard load
- address calculations based on a variety of factors
- such as mapping addresses, library usage, and library
- function conflicts.
- The prelink tool uses this information, from the
- dynamic linker, to determine unique load addresses
- for executable and linkable format (ELF) binaries
- that are shared libraries and dynamically linked.
- The prelink tool modifies these ELF binaries with the
- pre-computed information.
- The result is faster loading and often lower memory
- consumption because more of the library code can
- be re-used from shared Copy-On-Write (COW) pages.
- </para>
-
- <para>The original upstream prelink project only
- supports running prelink on the end target device
- due to the reliance on the target device’s dynamic
- linker.
- This restriction causes issues when developing a
- cross-compiled system.
- The cross-prelink adds a synthesized dynamic loader
- that runs on the host, thus permitting cross-prelinking
- without ever having to run on a read-write target
- filesystem.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Pseudo:</emphasis>
- Pseudo is the Yocto Project implementation of
- <ulink url='http://man.he.net/man1/fakeroot'>fakeroot</ulink>,
- which is used to run commands in an environment
- that seemingly has root privileges.</para>
-
- <para>During a build, it can be necessary to perform
- operations that require system administrator
- privileges.
- For example, file ownership or permissions might need
- definition.
- Pseudo is a tool that you can either use directly or
- through the environment variable
- <filename>LD_PRELOAD</filename>.
- Either method allows these operations to succeed as
- if system administrator privileges exist even
- when they do not.</para>
-
- <para>You can read more about Pseudo in the
- "<link linkend='fakeroot-and-pseudo'>Fakeroot and Pseudo</link>"
- section.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-openembedded-build-system'>
- <title>Open-Embedded Build System Components</title>
-
- <para>
- The following list consists of components associated with the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>BitBake:</emphasis>
- BitBake is a core component of the Yocto Project and is
- used by the OpenEmbedded build system to build images.
- While BitBake is key to the build system, BitBake
- is maintained separately from the Yocto Project.</para>
-
- <para>BitBake is a generic task execution engine that
- allows shell and Python tasks to be run efficiently
- and in parallel while working within complex inter-task
- dependency constraints.
- In short, BitBake is a build engine that works
- through recipes written in a specific format in order
- to perform sets of tasks.</para>
-
- <para>You can learn more about BitBake in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>OpenEmbedded-Core:</emphasis>
- OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core) is a common layer of
- metadata (i.e. recipes, classes, and associated files)
- used by OpenEmbedded-derived systems, which includes
- the Yocto Project.
- The Yocto Project and the OpenEmbedded Project both
- maintain the OpenEmbedded-Core.
- You can find the OE-Core metadata in the Yocto Project
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/meta'>Source Repositories</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>Historically, the Yocto Project integrated the
- OE-Core metadata throughout the Yocto Project
- source repository reference system (Poky).
- After Yocto Project Version 1.0, the Yocto Project
- and OpenEmbedded agreed to work together and share a
- common core set of metadata (OE-Core), which contained
- much of the functionality previously found in Poky.
- This collaboration achieved a long-standing
- OpenEmbedded objective for having a more tightly
- controlled and quality-assured core.
- The results also fit well with the Yocto Project
- objective of achieving a smaller number of fully
- featured tools as compared to many different ones.
- </para>
-
- <para>Sharing a core set of metadata results in Poky
- as an integration layer on top of OE-Core.
- You can see that in this
- <link linkend='yp-key-dev-elements'>figure</link>.
- The Yocto Project combines various components such as
- BitBake, OE-Core, script “glue”, and documentation
- for its build system.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-reference-distribution-poky'>
- <title>Reference Distribution (Poky)</title>
-
- <para>
- Poky is the Yocto Project reference distribution.
- It contains the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>Open-Embedded build system</ulink>
- (BitBake and OE-Core) as well as a set of metadata to get you
- started building your own distribution.
- See the
- <link linkend='what-is-the-yocto-project'>figure</link> in
- "What is the Yocto Project?" section for an illustration
- that shows Poky and its relationship with other parts of the
- Yocto Project.</para>
-
- <para>To use the Yocto Project tools and components, you
- can download (<filename>clone</filename>) Poky and use it
- to bootstrap your own distribution.
- <note>
- Poky does not contain binary files.
- It is a working example of how to build your own custom
- Linux distribution from source.
- </note>
- You can read more about Poky in the
- "<link linkend='reference-embedded-distribution'>Reference Embedded Distribution (Poky)</link>"
- section.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-packages-for-finished-targets'>
- <title>Packages for Finished Targets</title>
-
- <para>
- The following lists components associated with packages
- for finished targets:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Matchbox:</emphasis>
- Matchbox is an Open Source, base environment for the
- X Window System running on non-desktop, embedded
- platforms such as handhelds, set-top boxes, kiosks,
- and anything else for which screen space, input
- mechanisms, or system resources are limited.</para>
-
- <para>Matchbox consists of a number of interchangeable
- and optional applications that you can tailor to a
- specific, non-desktop platform to enhance usability
- in constrained environments.</para>
-
- <para>You can find the Matchbox source in the Yocto
- Project
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Opkg</emphasis>
- Open PacKaGe management (opkg) is a lightweight
- package management system based on the itsy package
- (ipkg) management system.
- Opkg is written in C and resembles Advanced Package
- Tool (APT) and Debian Package (dpkg) in operation.
- </para>
-
- <para>Opkg is intended for use on embedded Linux
- devices and is used in this capacity in the
- <ulink url='http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page'>OpenEmbedded</ulink>
- and
- <ulink url='https://openwrt.org/'>OpenWrt</ulink>
- projects, as well as the Yocto Project.
- <note>
- As best it can, opkg maintains backwards
- compatibility with ipkg and conforms to a subset
- of Debian’s policy manual regarding control files.
- </note>
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-archived-components'>
- <title>Archived Components</title>
-
- <para>
- The Build Appliance is a virtual machine image that enables
- you to build and boot a custom embedded Linux image with
- the Yocto Project using a non-Linux development system.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Historically, the Build Appliance was the second of three
- methods by which you could use the Yocto Project on a system
- that was not native to Linux.
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Hob:</emphasis>
- Hob, which is now deprecated and is no longer available
- since the 2.1 release of the Yocto Project provided
- a rudimentary, GUI-based interface to the Yocto
- Project.
- Toaster has fully replaced Hob.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Build Appliance:</emphasis>
- Post Hob, the Build Appliance became available.
- It was never recommended that you use the Build
- Appliance as a day-to-day production development
- environment with the Yocto Project.
- Build Appliance was useful as a way to try out
- development in the Yocto Project environment.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>CROPS:</emphasis>
- The final and best solution available now for
- developing using the Yocto Project on a system
- not native to Linux is with
- <link linkend='gs-crops-overview'>CROPS</link>.
- </para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
-
- <section id='gs-development-methods'>
- <title>Development Methods</title>
-
- <para>
- The Yocto Project development environment usually involves a
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#hardware-build-system-term'>Build Host</ulink>
- and target hardware.
- You use the Build Host to build images and develop applications,
- while you use the target hardware to test deployed software.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This section provides an introduction to the choices or
- development methods you have when setting up your Build Host.
- Depending on the your particular workflow preference and the
- type of operating system your Build Host runs, several choices
- exist that allow you to use the Yocto Project.
- <note>
- For additional detail about the Yocto Project development
- environment, see the
- "<link linkend='overview-development-environment'>The Yocto Project Development Environment</link>"
- chapter.
- </note>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Native Linux Host:</emphasis>
- By far the best option for a Build Host.
- A system running Linux as its native operating system
- allows you to develop software by directly using the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
- tool.
- You can accomplish all aspects of development from a
- familiar shell of a supported Linux distribution.</para>
-
- <para>For information on how to set up a Build Host on
- a system running Linux as its native operating system,
- see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#setting-up-a-native-linux-host'>Setting Up a Native Linux Host</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>CROss PlatformS (CROPS):</emphasis>
- Typically, you use
- <ulink url='https://github.com/crops/poky-container/'>CROPS</ulink>,
- which leverages
- <ulink url='https://www.docker.com/'>Docker Containers</ulink>,
- to set up a Build Host that is not running Linux (e.g.
- <trademark class='registered'>Microsoft</trademark>
- <trademark class='trademark'>Windows</trademark>
- or
- <trademark class='registered'>macOS</trademark>).
- <note>
- You can, however, use CROPS on a Linux-based system.
- </note>
- CROPS is an open source, cross-platform development
- framework that provides an easily managed, extensible
- environment for building binaries targeted for a variety
- of architectures on Windows, macOS, or Linux hosts.
- Once the Build Host is set up using CROPS, you can prepare
- a shell environment to mimic that of a shell being used
- on a system natively running Linux.</para>
-
- <para>For information on how to set up a Build Host with
- CROPS, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#setting-up-to-use-crops'>Setting Up to Use CROss PlatformS (CROPS)</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Windows Subsystem For Linux (WSLv2):</emphasis>
- You may use Windows Subsystem For Linux v2 to set up a build
- host using Windows 10.
- <note>
- The Yocto Project is not compatible with WSLv1, it is
- compatible but not officially supported nor validated
- with WSLv2, if you still decide to use WSL please upgrade
- to WSLv2.
- </note>
- The Windows Subsystem For Linux allows Windows 10 to run a real
- Linux kernel inside of a lightweight utility virtual
- machine (VM) using virtualization technology.</para>
- <para>For information on how to set up a Build Host with
- WSLv2, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#setting-up-to-use-wsl'>Setting Up to Use Windows Subsystem For Linux</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Toaster:</emphasis>
- Regardless of what your Build Host is running, you can
- use Toaster to develop software using the Yocto Project.
- Toaster is a web interface to the Yocto Project's
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>Open-Embedded build system</ulink>.
- The interface enables you to configure and run your
- builds.
- Information about builds is collected and stored in a
- database.
- You can use Toaster to configure and start builds on
- multiple remote build servers.</para>
-
- <para>For information about and how to use Toaster,
- see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_TOAST_URL;'>Toaster User Manual</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='reference-embedded-distribution'>
- <title>Reference Embedded Distribution (Poky)</title>
-
- <para>
- "Poky", which is pronounced <emphasis>Pock</emphasis>-ee, is the
- name of the Yocto Project's reference distribution or Reference OS
- Kit.
- Poky contains the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded Build System</ulink>
- (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink> and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OpenEmbedded-Core</ulink>)
- as well as a set of
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>metadata</ulink> to get
- you started building your own distro.
- In other words, Poky is a base specification of the functionality
- needed for a typical embedded system as well as the components
- from the Yocto Project that allow you to build a distribution into
- a usable binary image.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Poky is a combined repository of BitBake, OpenEmbedded-Core
- (which is found in <filename>meta</filename>),
- <filename>meta-poky</filename>,
- <filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename>, and documentation provided
- all together and known to work well together.
- You can view these items that make up the Poky repository in the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/poky/tree/'>Source Repositories</ulink>.
- <note>
- If you are interested in all the contents of the
- <filename>poky</filename> Git repository, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core'>Top-Level Core Components</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para id='gs-poky-reference-distribution'>
- The following figure illustrates what generally comprises Poky:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/poky-reference-distribution.png" format="PNG" align='center' width="8in"/>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- BitBake is a task executor and scheduler that is the heart of
- the OpenEmbedded build system.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>meta-poky</filename>, which is Poky-specific
- metadata.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <filename>meta-yocto-bsp</filename>, which are Yocto
- Project-specific Board Support Packages (BSPs).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core) metadata, which includes
- shared configurations, global variable definitions,
- shared classes, packaging, and recipes.
- Classes define the encapsulation and inheritance of build
- logic.
- Recipes are the logical units of software and images
- to be built.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- Documentation, which contains the Yocto Project source
- files used to make the set of user manuals.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- <note>
- While Poky is a "complete" distribution specification and is
- tested and put through QA, you cannot use it as a product
- "out of the box" in its current form.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- To use the Yocto Project tools, you can use Git to clone (download)
- the Poky repository then use your local copy of the reference
- distribution to bootstrap your own distribution.
- <note>
- Poky does not contain binary files.
- It is a working example of how to build your own custom Linux distribution
- from source.
- </note>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Poky has a regular, well established, six-month release cycle
- under its own version.
- Major releases occur at the same time major releases (point
- releases) occur for the Yocto Project, which are typically in the
- Spring and Fall.
- For more information on the Yocto Project release schedule and
- cadence, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-release-process'>Yocto Project Releases and the Stable Release Process</ulink>"
- chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Much has been said about Poky being a "default configuration."
- A default configuration provides a starting image footprint.
- You can use Poky out of the box to create an image ranging from a
- shell-accessible minimal image all the way up to a Linux
- Standard Base-compliant image that uses a GNOME Mobile and
- Embedded (GMAE) based reference user interface called Sato.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- One of the most powerful properties of Poky is that every aspect
- of a build is controlled by the metadata.
- You can use metadata to augment these base image types by
- adding metadata
- <link linkend='the-yocto-project-layer-model'>layers</link>
- that extend functionality.
- These layers can provide, for example, an additional software
- stack for an image type, add a board support package (BSP) for
- additional hardware, or even create a new image type.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Metadata is loosely grouped into configuration files or package
- recipes.
- A recipe is a collection of non-executable metadata used by
- BitBake to set variables or define additional build-time tasks.
- A recipe contains fields such as the recipe description, the recipe
- version, the license of the package and the upstream source
- repository.
- A recipe might also indicate that the build process uses autotools,
- make, distutils or any other build process, in which case the basic
- functionality can be defined by the classes it inherits from
- the OE-Core layer's class definitions in
- <filename>./meta/classes</filename>.
- Within a recipe you can also define additional tasks as well as
- task prerequisites.
- Recipe syntax through BitBake also supports both
- <filename>_prepend</filename> and <filename>_append</filename>
- operators as a method of extending task functionality.
- These operators inject code into the beginning or end of a task.
- For information on these BitBake operators, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#appending-and-prepending-override-style-syntax'>Appending and Prepending (Override Style Syntax)</ulink>"
- section in the BitBake User's Manual.
- </para>
- </section>
-
- <section id='openembedded-build-system-workflow'>
- <title>The OpenEmbedded Build System Workflow</title>
-
- <para>
- The
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</ulink>
- uses a "workflow" to accomplish image and SDK generation.
- The following figure overviews that workflow:
- <imagedata fileref="figures/YP-flow-diagram.png"
- format="PNG" align='center' width="8in"/>
- Following is a brief summary of the "workflow":
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- Developers specify architecture, policies, patches and
- configuration details.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The build system fetches and downloads the source code
- from the specified location.
- The build system supports standard methods such as tarballs
- or source code repositories systems such as Git.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- Once source code is downloaded, the build system extracts
- the sources into a local work area where patches are
- applied and common steps for configuring and compiling
- the software are run.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The build system then installs the software into a
- temporary staging area where the binary package format you
- select (DEB, RPM, or IPK) is used to roll up the software.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- Different QA and sanity checks run throughout entire
- build process.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- After the binaries are created, the build system
- generates a binary package feed that is used to create
- the final root file image.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- The build system generates the file system image and a
- customized Extensible SDK (eSDK) for application
- development in parallel.
- </para></listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- For a very detailed look at this workflow, see the
- "<link linkend='openembedded-build-system-build-concepts'>OpenEmbedded Build System Concepts</link>"
- section.
- </para>
- </section>
-
-
- <section id='some-basic-terms'>
- <title>Some Basic Terms</title>
-
- <para>
- It helps to understand some basic fundamental terms when
- learning the Yocto Project.
- Although a list of terms exists in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-terms'>Yocto Project Terms</ulink>"
- section of the Yocto Project Reference Manual, this section
- provides the definitions of some terms helpful for getting started:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Configuration Files:</emphasis>
- Files that hold global definitions of variables,
- user-defined variables, and hardware configuration
- information.
- These files tell the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-system-term'>Open-Embedded build system</ulink>
- what to build and what to put into the image to support a
- particular platform.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK):</emphasis>
- A custom SDK for application developers.
- This eSDK allows developers to incorporate their library
- and programming changes back into the image to make
- their code available to other application developers.
- For information on the eSDK, see the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
- manual.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Layer:</emphasis>
- A collection of related recipes.
- Layers allow you to consolidate related metadata to
- customize your build.
- Layers also isolate information used when building
- for multiple architectures.
- Layers are hierarchical in their ability to override
- previous specifications.
- You can include any number of available layers from the
- Yocto Project and customize the build by adding your
- layers after them.
- You can search the Layer Index for layers used within
- Yocto Project.</para>
-
- <para>For more detailed information on layers, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
- For a discussion specifically on BSP Layers, see the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Board Support Packages (BSP)
- Developer's Guide.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Metadata:</emphasis>
- A key element of the Yocto Project is the Metadata that
- is used to construct a Linux distribution and is contained
- in the files that the OpenEmbedded build system parses
- when building an image.
- In general, Metadata includes recipes, configuration
- files, and other information that refers to the build
- instructions themselves, as well as the data used to
- control what things get built and the effects of the
- build.
- Metadata also includes commands and data used to
- indicate what versions of software are used, from
- where they are obtained, and changes or additions to the
- software itself (patches or auxiliary files) that
- are used to fix bugs or customize the software for use
- in a particular situation.
- OpenEmbedded-Core is an important set of validated
- metadata.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para id='gs-term-openembedded-build-system'>
- <emphasis>OpenEmbedded Build System:</emphasis>
- The terms "BitBake" and "build system" are sometimes
- used for the OpenEmbedded Build System.</para>
-
- <para>BitBake is a task scheduler and execution engine
- that parses instructions (i.e. recipes) and configuration
- data.
- After a parsing phase, BitBake creates a dependency tree
- to order the compilation, schedules the compilation of
- the included code, and finally executes the building
- of the specified custom Linux image (distribution).
- BitBake is similar to the <filename>make</filename>
- tool.</para>
-
- <para>During a build process, the build system tracks
- dependencies and performs a native or cross-compilation
- of the package.
- As a first step in a cross-build setup, the framework
- attempts to create a cross-compiler toolchain
- (i.e. Extensible SDK) suited for the target platform.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core):</emphasis>
- OE-Core is metadata comprised of foundation recipes,
- classes, and associated files that are meant to be
- common among many different OpenEmbedded-derived systems,
- including the Yocto Project.
- OE-Core is a curated subset of an original repository
- developed by the OpenEmbedded community that has been
- pared down into a smaller, core set of continuously
- validated recipes.
- The result is a tightly controlled and quality-assured
- core set of recipes.</para>
-
- <para>You can see the Metadata in the
- <filename>meta</filename> directory of the Yocto Project
- <ulink url='http://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit/cgit.cgi'>Source Repositories</ulink>.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Packages:</emphasis>
- In the context of the Yocto Project, this term refers to a
- recipe's packaged output produced by BitBake (i.e. a
- "baked recipe").
- A package is generally the compiled binaries produced from the
- recipe's sources.
- You "bake" something by running it through BitBake.</para>
-
- <para>It is worth noting that the term "package" can,
- in general, have subtle meanings.
- For example, the packages referred to in the
- "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#required-packages-for-the-build-host'>Required Packages for the Build Host</ulink>"
- section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual are compiled
- binaries that, when installed, add functionality to your
- Linux distribution.</para>
-
- <para>Another point worth noting is that historically within
- the Yocto Project, recipes were referred to as packages - thus,
- the existence of several BitBake variables that are seemingly
- mis-named,
- (e.g. <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>,
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>,
- and
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PE'><filename>PE</filename></ulink>).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Poky:</emphasis>
- Poky is a reference embedded distribution and a reference
- test configuration.
- Poky provides the following:
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- A base-level functional distro used to illustrate
- how to customize a distribution.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- A means by which to test the Yocto Project
- components (i.e. Poky is used to validate
- the Yocto Project).
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- A vehicle through which you can download
- the Yocto Project.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- Poky is not a product level distro.
- Rather, it is a good starting point for customization.
- <note>
- Poky is an integration layer on top of OE-Core.
- </note>
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- <emphasis>Recipe:</emphasis>
- The most common form of metadata.
- A recipe contains a list of settings and tasks
- (i.e. instructions) for building packages that are then
- used to build the binary image.
- A recipe describes where you get source code and which
- patches to apply.
- Recipes describe dependencies for libraries or for other
- recipes as well as configuration and compilation options.
- Related recipes are consolidated into a layer.
- </para></listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
-</chapter>
-<!--
-vim: expandtab tw=80 ts=4
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diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual.xml b/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual.xml
deleted file mode 100755
index 210d644b3d..0000000000
--- a/documentation/overview-manual/overview-manual.xml
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@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
-"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
-[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
-
-<book id='overview-manual' lang='en'
- xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude"
- xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
- >
- <bookinfo>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref='figures/overview-manual-title.png'
- format='SVG'
- align='left' scalefit='1' width='100%'/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
-
- <title>
- Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual
- </title>
-
- <authorgroup>
- <author>
- <affiliation>
- <orgname>&ORGNAME;</orgname>
- </affiliation>
- <email>&ORGEMAIL;</email>
- </author>
- </authorgroup>
-
- <revhistory>
- <revision>
- <revnumber>2.5</revnumber>
- <date>May 2018</date>
- <revremark>The initial document released with the Yocto Project 2.5 Release.</revremark>
- </revision>
- <revision>
- <revnumber>2.6</revnumber>
- <date>November 2018</date>
- <revremark>Released with the Yocto Project 2.6 Release.</revremark>
- </revision>
- <revision>
- <revnumber>2.7</revnumber>
- <date>May 2019</date>
- <revremark>Released with the Yocto Project 2.7 Release.</revremark>
- </revision>
- <revision>
- <revnumber>3.0</revnumber>
- <date>October 2019</date>
- <revremark>Released with the Yocto Project 3.0 Release.</revremark>
- </revision>
- <revision>
- <revnumber>3.1</revnumber>
- <date>&REL_MONTH_YEAR;</date>
- <revremark>Released with the Yocto Project 3.1 Release.</revremark>
- </revision>
- </revhistory>
-
- <copyright>
- <year>&COPYRIGHT_YEAR;</year>
- <holder>Linux Foundation</holder>
- </copyright>
-
- <legalnotice>
- <para>
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
- the terms of the <ulink type="http" url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/uk/">
- Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England &amp; Wales</ulink> as published by
- Creative Commons.
- </para>
- <note><title>Manual Notes</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem><para>
- This version of the
- <emphasis>Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual</emphasis>
- is for the &YOCTO_DOC_VERSION; release of the
- Yocto Project.
- To be sure you have the latest version of the manual
- for this release, go to the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_URL;'>Yocto Project documentation page</ulink>
- and select the manual from that site.
- Manuals from the site are more up-to-date than manuals
- derived from the Yocto Project released TAR files.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem><para>
- If you located this manual through a web search, the
- version of the manual might not be the one you want
- (e.g. the search might have returned a manual much
- older than the Yocto Project version with which you
- are working).
- You can see all Yocto Project major releases by
- visiting the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Releases'>Releases</ulink>
- page.
- If you need a version of this manual for a different
- Yocto Project release, visit the
- <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_URL;'>Yocto Project documentation page</ulink>
- and select the manual set by using the
- "ACTIVE RELEASES DOCUMENTATION" or "DOCUMENTS ARCHIVE"
- pull-down menus.
- </para></listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- To report any inaccuracies or problems with this
- (or any other Yocto Project) manual, send an email to
- the Yocto Project documentation mailing list at
- <filename>docs@lists.yoctoproject.org</filename> or
- log into the freenode <filename>#yocto</filename> channel.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </note>
- </legalnotice>
-
- </bookinfo>
-
- <xi:include href="overview-manual-intro.xml"/>
-
- <xi:include href="overview-manual-yp-intro.xml"/>
-
- <xi:include href="overview-manual-development-environment.xml"/>
-
- <xi:include href="overview-manual-concepts.xml" />
-
-</book>
-<!--
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text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 106px; height: 1px; padding-top: 780px; margin-left: 2036px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">A copy of <b>${D}<br /></b>excluding<br /><b>/sysroot-only</b></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2089" y="784" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">A copy of ${D}...</text></switch></g><rect x="7960.96" y="3680" width="360" height="120" fill="#eeeeee" stroke="#36393d" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 2035px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: nowrap;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">do_package<br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2035" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">do_package&#xa;</text></switch></g><ellipse cx="7901.96" cy="3740" rx="60.00000000000001" ry="60.00000000000001" fill="#000000" stroke="#56517e" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 28px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 1961px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter" color="#ffffff" size="1"><b style="font-size: 15px;">15</b></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1975" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">15</text></switch></g><path d="M 9108 2320 L 9108 2614.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 9108 2635.53 L 9098.67 2607.53 L 9108 2614.53 L 9117.33 2607.53 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="8868" y="2160" width="480" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 560px; margin-left: 2218px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">packages-split</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2277" y="564" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">packages-split</text></switch></g><rect x="9308" y="2260" width="240" height="100" rx="15" ry="15" fill="#000000" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 58px; height: 1px; padding-top: 578px; margin-left: 2328px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: #ffffff; " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">PKGDEST</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2357" y="581" fill="#ffffff" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">PKGDEST</text></switch></g><path d="M 9108 2840 L 9108 2895.1" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 9108 2916.1 L 9098.67 2888.1 L 9108 2895.1 L 9117.33 2888.1 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="8982" y="2680" width="252" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 61px; height: 1px; padding-top: 690px; margin-left: 2247px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">sayhello</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2277" y="694" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">sayhello</text></switch></g><path d="M 9108 3080 L 9108 3120.57 Q 9108 3160.57 9108 3162.55 L 9108 3164.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 9107.98 3185.53 L 9098.67 3157.52 L 9108 3164.53 L 9117.34 3157.53 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9021" y="2920" width="174" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 42px; height: 1px; padding-top: 750px; margin-left: 2256px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">usr</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2277" y="754" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">usr</text></switch></g><path d="M 9107.98 3350 L 9107.97 3414.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 9107.96 3435.53 L 9098.63 3407.53 L 9107.97 3414.53 L 9117.3 3407.53 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9000.48" y="3190" width="215" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 52px; height: 1px; padding-top: 818px; margin-left: 2251px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">bin</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2277" y="821" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">bin</text></switch></g><rect x="7689.48" y="1360" width="1287" height="595" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 320px; height: 1px; padding-top: 414px; margin-left: 1923px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Folders created here are present in <b><u>PACKAGES</u></b> variable, BitBake knows what and where to put things using the <b><u>FILES</u></b> variable, example: <b><u>FILES:${PN}</u></b> files will go to <b><u>${PN}</u></b> folder which is in <b><u>PACKAGES</u></b></span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2083" y="418" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Folders created here are present in PACKAGES variable...</text></switch></g><rect x="8640.48" y="3680" width="360" height="120" fill="#eeeeee" stroke="#36393d" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 2205px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: nowrap;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">do_package<br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2205" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">do_package&#xa;</text></switch></g><ellipse cx="8581.48" cy="3740" rx="60.00000000000001" ry="60.00000000000001" fill="#000000" stroke="#56517e" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 28px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 2131px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter" color="#ffffff" size="1"><b style="font-size: 15px;">16</b></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2145" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">16</text></switch></g><path d="M 9988 2320 L 9988 2674.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 9988 2695.53 L 9978.67 2667.53 L 9988 2674.53 L 9997.33 2667.53 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9748" y="2160" width="480" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 560px; margin-left: 2438px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">deploy-<b><i>pkg</i></b></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2497" y="564" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">deploy-pkg</text></switch></g><path d="M 9988 2860 L 9988 3014.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 9988 3035.53 L 9978.67 3007.53 L 9988 3014.53 L 9997.33 3007.53 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9748" y="2700" width="480" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 695px; margin-left: 2438px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter"><b>${PACKAGE_ARCH}</b></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2497" y="699" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">${PACKAGE_ARCH}</text></switch></g><rect x="9028" y="1360" width="1640" height="595" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 408px; height: 1px; padding-top: 414px; margin-left: 2258px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">This can be <b><u>rpms</u></b>, <b><u>debs</u></b> or <b><u>ipks</u></b>.<br />These are provided by<br /><b><u>package_rpm</u></b>, <b><u>package_deb</u></b> and <b><u>package_ipk</u></b> classes respectively, use <b><u>PACKAGE_CLASSES</u></b> for that as<br />content of <b><u>PACKAGE_CLASSES</u></b> will be appended<br />to <b><u>INHERIT</u></b><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2462" y="418" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This can be rpms, debs or ipks....</text></switch></g><path d="M 10522 3105 L 10708 3105.59 Q 10748 3105.71 10748 3065.71 L 10748 1320.57 Q 10748 1280.57 10708 1280.57 L 7353.71 1280.57 Q 7313.71 1280.57 7313.8 1240.57 L 7313.92 1180.42" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="12" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 7313.97 1153.42 L 7331.9 1189.45 L 7313.92 1180.42 L 7295.9 1189.38 Z" fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="12" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9454" y="3040" width="1068" height="130" rx="19.5" ry="19.5" fill="#eeeeee" stroke="#36393d" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 265px; height: 1px; padding-top: 776px; margin-left: 2365px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">sayhello-0.1-r0.${PACKAGE_ARCH}.<i>pkg</i></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2497" y="780" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">sayhello-0.1-r0.${PACKAGE_ARCH}.pkg</text></switch></g><rect x="10788" y="2640" width="1480" height="680" fill="none" stroke="#36393d" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 368px; height: 1px; padding-top: 745px; margin-left: 2698px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">This task also depends on <b><u>PACKAGE_CLASSES</u></b>,<br /><b><u><i>pkg</i></u></b> can be <b><u>rpm</u></b>, <b><u>deb</u></b> or <b><u>ipk</u></b> for <b><u>package_rpm</u></b>,<br /><b><u>package_deb</u></b> or <u style="font-weight: bold;">package_ipk</u> respectively.<br />The generated package generally named using:<br /><b><u>${PN}</u></b>, <b><u>${PR}</u></b>, <b><u>${PACKAGE_ARCH}</u></b> and <b><u><i>pkg</i></u></b><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2882" y="749" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This task also depends on PACKAGE_CLASSES,...</text></switch></g><path d="M 7314 520 L 7314 654.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 7314 675.53 L 7300 647.53 L 7314 654.53 L 7328 647.53 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><path d="M 7454 440 Q 7454 440 7742.53 440" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 7763.53 440 L 7735.53 449.33 L 7742.53 440 L 7735.53 430.67 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="7174" y="360" width="280" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 68px; height: 1px; padding-top: 110px; margin-left: 1795px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">deploy</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1829" y="114" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">deploy</text></switch></g><path d="M 7313.71 840 L 7313.71 880.57 Q 7313.71 920.57 7313.71 910.29 L 7313.71 905.14 Q 7313.71 900 7313.81 927.26 L 7313.91 954.53" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 7313.98 975.53 L 7299.88 947.58 L 7313.91 954.53 L 7327.88 947.48 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="7054.48" y="680" width="519" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 128px; height: 1px; padding-top: 190px; margin-left: 1765px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><b>${DEPLOY_DIR_<i>pkg</i>}</b></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1828" y="194" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">${DEPLOY_DIR_pkg}</text></switch></g><rect x="9488" y="3680" width="600" height="120" fill="#eeeeee" stroke="#36393d" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 2447px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: nowrap;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">do_package_write_<i>pkg</i><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2447" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">do_package_write_pkg&#xa;</text></switch></g><ellipse cx="9408" cy="3740" rx="60.00000000000001" ry="60.00000000000001" fill="#000000" stroke="#56517e" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 28px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 2338px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter" color="#ffffff" size="1"><b style="font-size: 15px;">17</b></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2352" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">17</text></switch></g><path d="M 10048 3740 Q 11528.57 3740 11528.03 3345.47" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 11528.01 3324.47 L 11537.38 3352.46 L 11528.03 3345.47 L 11518.71 3352.48 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="7074" y="980" width="480" height="160" rx="24" ry="24" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 265px; margin-left: 1770px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">${PACKAGE_ARCH}</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1829" y="269" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">${PACKAGE_ARCH}</text></switch></g><rect x="7768" y="672.52" width="1660" height="167.48" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 413px; height: 1px; padding-top: 189px; margin-left: 1943px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">For packages, this can be <b><u>IPK</u></b>, <b><u>RPM</u></b> or <b><u>DEB</u></b> (<i>check step 17</i>)</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2150" y="193" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">For packages, this can be IPK, RPM or DEB (check step 17)</text></switch></g><rect x="7369.48" y="480" width="320" height="100" rx="15" ry="15" fill="#000000" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 78px; height: 1px; padding-top: 133px; margin-left: 1843px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: #ffffff; " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">DEPLOY_DIR</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1882" y="136" fill="#ffffff" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">DEPLOY_DIR</text></switch></g><rect x="4988" y="80" width="240" height="100" rx="15" ry="15" fill="#000000" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; 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text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 61px; height: 1px; padding-top: 133px; margin-left: 418px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: #ffffff; " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">DL_DIR</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="448" y="136" fill="#ffffff" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">DL_DIR</text></switch></g><path d="M 7573.48 760 L 7630.29 760.34 Q 7670.29 760.57 7706.42 758.98 L 7742.55 757.38" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 7763.53 756.46 L 7735.97 767.02 L 7742.55 757.38 L 7735.15 748.37 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="10488" y="2380" width="600" height="120" fill="#eeeeee" stroke="#36393d" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding-top: 610px; margin-left: 2697px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: nowrap;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter">do_package_write_<i>pkg</i><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2697" y="614" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">do_package_write_pkg&#xa;</text></switch></g><ellipse cx="10408" cy="2440" rx="60.00000000000001" ry="60.00000000000001" fill="#000000" stroke="#56517e" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 28px; height: 1px; padding-top: 610px; margin-left: 2588px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Architects+Daughter" color="#ffffff" size="1"><b style="font-size: 15px;">18</b></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2602" y="614" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">18</text></switch></g><path d="M 10268 2310.29 Q 10879.43 2310.29 10879.43 1999.43 Q 10879.43 1688.57 10878.68 1140.47" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 10878.65 1119.47 L 10888.02 1147.46 L 10878.68 1140.47 L 10869.35 1147.48 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="10148" y="2260" width="120" height="100" rx="15" ry="15" fill="#000000" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/><path d="M 10088 2200 Q 10088.57 2077.14 10173.14 2077.14 Q 10257.71 2077.14 10257.94 1980.47" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 10257.99 1959.47 L 10267.26 1987.49 L 10257.94 1980.47 L 10248.59 1987.45 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9628" y="805" width="1667.52" height="310" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 415px; height: 1px; padding-top: 240px; margin-left: 2408px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">This can be <b><u>PKGWRITEDIRRPM</u></b>, <b><u>PKGWRITEDIRDEB</u></b> or <b><u>PKGWRITEDIRIPK</u></b> for <b><u>package_rpm</u></b>, <b><u>package_deb</u></b><br />or <b><u>package_ipk</u></b> respectively<br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2615" y="244" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This can be PKGWRITEDIRRPM, PKGWRITEDIRDEB or PKGWRITEDIRIPK for pack...</text></switch></g><rect x="628" y="2470" width="1313" height="410" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 326px; height: 1px; padding-top: 669px; margin-left: 158px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">License checking happens in <b><u>do_populate_lic</u></b> after <b><u>do_patch<br /></u></b>and before that a checksum check<br />happends on <b><u>LIC_FILES_CHKSUM</u></b> if the<br />license is not <b><u>CLOSED</u></b><br /></span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="321" y="672" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">License checking happens in do_populate_lic after do_pa...</text></switch></g><rect x="3528.48" y="1360" width="1739.52" height="280" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 433px; height: 1px; padding-top: 375px; margin-left: 883px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">This variable is used to separate recipes<br />based on their target. 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text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 88px; height: 1px; padding-top: 874px; margin-left: 2233px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">sayhello</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2277" y="877" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">sayhello</text></switch></g><path d="M 4660 1960 Q 4660 2300 4904.57 2300 Q 5149.14 2300 5148.94 2611.65" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 5148.92 2632.65 L 5139.61 2604.64 L 5148.94 2611.65 L 5158.27 2604.65 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="3068" y="480" width="1640" height="360" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 408px; height: 1px; padding-top: 165px; margin-left: 768px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">This folder contains cache for recipes build output, this is used by BitBake, if the recipe checksum did not change it knows that the output to use is the same.<br /></span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="972" y="169" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This folder contains cache for recipes build output, this is used by...</text></switch></g><rect x="1395" y="0" width="1640" height="180" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 408px; height: 1px; padding-top: 23px; margin-left: 350px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><font data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Liberation+Sans">These directories can be shared accross builds to save disk space and build time</font><br /></span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="554" y="26" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">These directories can be shared accross builds to save disk space an...</text></switch></g><rect x="7768" y="350" width="1667.52" height="180" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 415px; height: 1px; padding-top: 110px; margin-left: 1943px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">This directory contains other output directories such as <b><u>images</u></b>, <b><u>sdk</u></b> and <b><u>licenses</u></b><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="2150" y="114" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This directory contains other output directories such as images, sdk...</text></switch></g><rect x="5908" y="1020" width="680" height="520" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 168px; height: 1px; padding-top: 320px; margin-left: 1478px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">This file contains all <b>layers</b> that BitBake should consider when looking for metadata.<br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1562" y="324" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This file contains all layer...</text></switch></g><rect x="5396" y="20" width="1760" height="160" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 438px; height: 1px; padding-top: 25px; margin-left: 1350px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">This is base configuration file containing essential user config such as <b><u>MACHINE</u></b> and <b><u>DISTRO</u></b><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1569" y="29" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">This is base configuration file containing essential user config such as...</text></switch></g><rect x="6140" y="320" width="964.52" height="160" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility" style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 239px; height: 1px; padding-top: 100px; margin-left: 1536px;"><div data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: &quot;Liberation Sans&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><font style="font-size: 15px;">The message to show after <b>source oe-init-build-env</b><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1656" y="104" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Liberation Sans" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">The message to show after source oe-init...</text></switch></g><rect x="10948" y="2400" width="120" height="80" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="10348" y="3065" width="80" height="80" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="9948" y="3700" width="100" height="80" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="10028" y="2200" width="80" height="80" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="7454" y="725" width="80" height="80" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.drawio.com/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Text is not SVG - cannot display</text></a></switch></svg> \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/svg/git-workflow.svg b/documentation/overview-manual/svg/git-workflow.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7747e35d9c
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diff --git a/documentation/overview-manual/yp-intro.rst b/documentation/overview-manual/yp-intro.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a27e12e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/overview-manual/yp-intro.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,890 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+
+*****************************
+Introducing the Yocto Project
+*****************************
+
+What is the Yocto Project?
+==========================
+
+The Yocto Project is an open source collaboration project that helps
+developers create custom Linux-based systems that are designed for
+embedded products regardless of the product's hardware architecture.
+Yocto Project provides a flexible toolset and a development environment
+that allows embedded device developers across the world to collaborate
+through shared technologies, software stacks, configurations, and best
+practices used to create these tailored Linux images.
+
+Thousands of developers worldwide have discovered that Yocto Project
+provides advantages in both systems and applications development,
+archival and management benefits, and customizations used for speed,
+footprint, and memory utilization. The project is a standard when it
+comes to delivering embedded software stacks. The project allows
+software customizations and build interchange for multiple hardware
+platforms as well as software stacks that can be maintained and scaled.
+
+.. image:: figures/key-dev-elements.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+For further introductory information on the Yocto Project, you might be
+interested in this
+`article <https://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/say-what-/4458600/Why-the-Yocto-Project-for-my-IoT-Project->`__
+by Drew Moseley and in this short introductory
+`video <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZpKM7i5Z4>`__.
+
+The remainder of this section overviews advantages and challenges tied
+to the Yocto Project.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+Here are features and advantages of the Yocto Project:
+
+- *Widely Adopted Across the Industry:* Many semiconductor, operating
+ system, software, and service vendors adopt and support the Yocto
+ Project in their products and services. For a look at the Yocto
+ Project community and the companies involved with the Yocto Project,
+ see the "COMMUNITY" and "ECOSYSTEM" tabs on the
+ :yocto_home:`Yocto Project <>` home page.
+
+- *Architecture Agnostic:* Yocto Project supports Intel, ARM, MIPS,
+ AMD, PPC and other architectures. Most ODMs, OSVs, and chip vendors
+ create and supply BSPs that support their hardware. If you have
+ custom silicon, you can create a BSP that supports that architecture.
+
+ Aside from broad architecture support, the Yocto Project fully
+ supports a wide range of devices emulated by the Quick EMUlator
+ (QEMU).
+
+- *Images and Code Transfer Easily:* Yocto Project output can easily
+ move between architectures without moving to new development
+ environments. Additionally, if you have used the Yocto Project to
+ create an image or application and you find yourself not able to
+ support it, commercial Linux vendors such as Wind River, Mentor
+ Graphics, Timesys, and ENEA could take it and provide ongoing
+ support. These vendors have offerings that are built using the Yocto
+ Project.
+
+- *Flexibility:* Corporations use the Yocto Project many different
+ ways. One example is to create an internal Linux distribution as a
+ code base the corporation can use across multiple product groups.
+ Through customization and layering, a project group can leverage the
+ base Linux distribution to create a distribution that works for their
+ product needs.
+
+- *Ideal for Constrained Embedded and IoT devices:* Unlike a full Linux
+ distribution, you can use the Yocto Project to create exactly what
+ you need for embedded devices. You only add the feature support or
+ packages that you absolutely need for the device. For devices that
+ have display hardware, you can use available system components such
+ as X11, Wayland, GTK+, Qt, Clutter, and SDL (among others) to create
+ a rich user experience. For devices that do not have a display or
+ where you want to use alternative UI frameworks, you can choose to
+ not build these components.
+
+- *Comprehensive Toolchain Capabilities:* Toolchains for supported
+ architectures satisfy most use cases. However, if your hardware
+ supports features that are not part of a standard toolchain, you can
+ easily customize that toolchain through specification of
+ platform-specific tuning parameters. And, should you need to use a
+ third-party toolchain, mechanisms built into the Yocto Project allow
+ for that.
+
+- *Mechanism Rules Over Policy:* Focusing on mechanism rather than
+ policy ensures that you are free to set policies based on the needs
+ of your design instead of adopting decisions enforced by some system
+ software provider.
+
+- *Uses a Layer Model:* The Yocto Project :ref:`layer
+ infrastructure <overview-manual/yp-intro:the yocto project layer model>`
+ groups related functionality into separate bundles. You can incrementally
+ add these grouped functionalities to your project as needed. Using layers to
+ isolate and group functionality reduces project complexity and
+ redundancy, allows you to easily extend the system, make
+ customizations, and keep functionality organized.
+
+- *Supports Partial Builds:* You can build and rebuild individual
+ packages as needed. Yocto Project accomplishes this through its
+ :ref:`overview-manual/concepts:shared state cache` (sstate) scheme.
+ Being able to build and debug components individually eases project
+ development.
+
+- *Releases According to a Strict Schedule:* Major releases occur on a
+ :doc:`six-month cycle </ref-manual/release-process>`
+ predictably in October and April. The most recent two releases
+ support point releases to address common vulnerabilities and
+ exposures. This predictability is crucial for projects based on the
+ Yocto Project and allows development teams to plan activities.
+
+- *Rich Ecosystem of Individuals and Organizations:* For open source
+ projects, the value of community is very important. Support forums,
+ expertise, and active developers who continue to push the Yocto
+ Project forward are readily available.
+
+- *Binary Reproducibility:* The Yocto Project allows you to be very
+ specific about dependencies and achieves very high percentages of
+ binary reproducibility (e.g. 99.8% for ``core-image-minimal``). When
+ distributions are not specific about which packages are pulled in and
+ in what order to support dependencies, other build systems can
+ arbitrarily include packages.
+
+- *License Manifest:* The Yocto Project provides a :ref:`license
+ manifest <dev-manual/licenses:maintaining open source license compliance during your product's lifecycle>`
+ for review by people who need to track the use of open source
+ licenses (e.g. legal teams).
+
+Challenges
+----------
+
+Here are challenges you might encounter when developing using the Yocto Project:
+
+- *Steep Learning Curve:* The Yocto Project has a steep learning curve
+ and has many different ways to accomplish similar tasks. It can be
+ difficult to choose between such ways.
+
+- *Understanding What Changes You Need to Make For Your Design Requires
+ Some Research:* Beyond the simple tutorial stage, understanding what
+ changes need to be made for your particular design can require a
+ significant amount of research and investigation. For information
+ that helps you transition from trying out the Yocto Project to using
+ it for your project, see the ":ref:`what-i-wish-id-known:what i wish i'd known about yocto project`" and
+ ":ref:`transitioning-to-a-custom-environment:transitioning to a custom environment for systems development`"
+ documents on the Yocto Project website.
+
+- *Project Workflow Could Be Confusing:* The :ref:`Yocto Project
+ workflow <overview-manual/development-environment:the yocto project development environment>`
+ could be confusing if you are used to traditional desktop and server
+ software development.
+ In a desktop development environment, there are mechanisms to easily pull
+ and install new packages, which are typically pre-compiled binaries
+ from servers accessible over the Internet. Using the Yocto Project,
+ you must modify your configuration and rebuild to add additional
+ packages.
+
+- *Working in a Cross-Build Environment Can Feel Unfamiliar:* When
+ developing code to run on a target, compilation, execution, and
+ testing done on the actual target can be faster than running a
+ BitBake build on a development host and then deploying binaries to
+ the target for test. While the Yocto Project does support development
+ tools on the target, the additional step of integrating your changes
+ back into the Yocto Project build environment would be required.
+ Yocto Project supports an intermediate approach that involves making
+ changes on the development system within the BitBake environment and
+ then deploying only the updated packages to the target.
+
+ The Yocto Project :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+ produces packages
+ in standard formats (i.e. RPM, DEB, IPK, and TAR). You can deploy
+ these packages into the running system on the target by using
+ utilities on the target such as ``rpm`` or ``ipk``.
+
+- *Initial Build Times Can be Significant:* Long initial build times
+ are unfortunately unavoidable due to the large number of packages
+ initially built from scratch for a fully functioning Linux system.
+ Once that initial build is completed, however, the shared-state
+ (sstate) cache mechanism Yocto Project uses keeps the system from
+ rebuilding packages that have not been "touched" since the last
+ build. The sstate mechanism significantly reduces times for
+ successive builds.
+
+The Yocto Project Layer Model
+=============================
+
+The Yocto Project's "Layer Model" is a development model for embedded
+and IoT Linux creation that distinguishes the Yocto Project from other
+simple build systems. The Layer Model simultaneously supports
+collaboration and customization. Layers are repositories that contain
+related sets of instructions that tell the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+what to do. You can
+collaborate, share, and reuse layers.
+
+Layers can contain changes to previous instructions or settings at any
+time. This powerful override capability is what allows you to customize
+previously supplied collaborative or community layers to suit your
+product requirements.
+
+You use different layers to logically separate information in your
+build. As an example, you could have BSP, GUI, distro configuration,
+middleware, or application layers. Putting your entire build into one
+layer limits and complicates future customization and reuse. Isolating
+information into layers, on the other hand, helps simplify future
+customizations and reuse. You might find it tempting to keep everything
+in one layer when working on a single project. However, the more modular
+your Metadata, the easier it is to cope with future changes.
+
+.. note::
+
+ - Use Board Support Package (BSP) layers from silicon vendors when
+ possible.
+
+ - Familiarize yourself with the
+ :yocto_home:`Yocto Project Compatible Layers </software-overview/layers/>`
+ or the :oe_layerindex:`OpenEmbedded Layer Index <>`.
+ The latter contains more layers but they are less universally
+ validated.
+
+ - Layers support the inclusion of technologies, hardware components,
+ and software components. The :ref:`Yocto Project
+ Compatible <dev-manual/layers:making sure your layer is compatible with yocto project>`
+ designation provides a minimum level of standardization that
+ contributes to a strong ecosystem. "YP Compatible" is applied to
+ appropriate products and software components such as BSPs, other
+ OE-compatible layers, and related open-source projects, allowing
+ the producer to use Yocto Project badges and branding assets.
+
+To illustrate how layers are used to keep things modular, consider
+machine customizations. These types of customizations typically reside
+in a special layer, rather than a general layer, called a BSP Layer.
+Furthermore, the machine customizations should be isolated from recipes
+and Metadata that support a new GUI environment, for example. This
+situation gives you a couple of layers: one for the machine
+configurations, and one for the GUI environment. It is important to
+understand, however, that the BSP layer can still make machine-specific
+additions to recipes within the GUI environment layer without polluting
+the GUI layer itself with those machine-specific changes. You can
+accomplish this through a recipe that is a BitBake append
+(``.bbappend``) file, which is described later in this section.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For general information on BSP layer structure, see the
+ :doc:`/bsp-guide/index`.
+
+The :term:`Source Directory`
+contains both general layers and BSP layers right out of the box. You
+can easily identify layers that ship with a Yocto Project release in the
+Source Directory by their names. Layers typically have names that begin
+with the string ``meta-``.
+
+.. note::
+
+ It is not a requirement that a layer name begin with the prefix
+ ``meta-``, but it is a commonly accepted standard in the Yocto Project
+ community.
+
+For example, if you were to examine the :yocto_git:`tree view </poky/tree/>`
+of the ``poky`` repository, you will see several layers: ``meta``,
+``meta-skeleton``, ``meta-selftest``, ``meta-poky``, and
+``meta-yocto-bsp``. Each of these repositories represents a distinct
+layer.
+
+For procedures on how to create layers, see the
+":ref:`dev-manual/layers:understanding and creating layers`"
+section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+Components and Tools
+====================
+
+The Yocto Project employs a collection of components and tools used by
+the project itself, by project developers, and by those using the Yocto
+Project. These components and tools are open source projects and
+metadata that are separate from the reference distribution
+(:term:`Poky`) and the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`. Most of the
+components and tools are downloaded separately.
+
+This section provides brief overviews of the components and tools
+associated with the Yocto Project.
+
+Development Tools
+-----------------
+
+Here are tools that help you develop images and applications using
+the Yocto Project:
+
+- *CROPS:* `CROPS <https://github.com/crops/poky-container/>`__ is an
+ open source, cross-platform development framework that leverages
+ `Docker Containers <https://www.docker.com/>`__. CROPS provides an
+ easily managed, extensible environment that allows you to build
+ binaries for a variety of architectures on Windows, Linux and Mac OS
+ X hosts.
+
+- *devtool:* This command-line tool is available as part of the
+ extensible SDK (eSDK) and is its cornerstone. You can use ``devtool``
+ to help build, test, and package software within the eSDK. You can
+ use the tool to optionally integrate what you build into an image
+ built by the OpenEmbedded build system.
+
+ The ``devtool`` command employs a number of sub-commands that allow
+ you to add, modify, and upgrade recipes. As with the OpenEmbedded
+ build system, "recipes" represent software packages within
+ ``devtool``. When you use ``devtool add``, a recipe is automatically
+ created. When you use ``devtool modify``, the specified existing
+ recipe is used in order to determine where to get the source code and
+ how to patch it. In both cases, an environment is set up so that when
+ you build the recipe a source tree that is under your control is used
+ in order to allow you to make changes to the source as desired. By
+ default, both new recipes and the source go into a "workspace"
+ directory under the eSDK. The ``devtool upgrade`` command updates an
+ existing recipe so that you can build it for an updated set of source
+ files.
+
+ You can read about the ``devtool`` workflow in the Yocto Project
+ Application Development and Extensible Software Development Kit
+ (eSDK) Manual in the
+ ":ref:`sdk-manual/extensible:using \`\`devtool\`\` in your sdk workflow`"
+ section.
+
+- *Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK):* The eSDK provides a
+ cross-development toolchain and libraries tailored to the contents of
+ a specific image. The eSDK makes it easy to add new applications and
+ libraries to an image, modify the source for an existing component,
+ test changes on the target hardware, and integrate into the rest of
+ the OpenEmbedded build system. The eSDK gives you a toolchain
+ experience supplemented with the powerful set of ``devtool`` commands
+ tailored for the Yocto Project environment.
+
+ For information on the eSDK, see the :doc:`/sdk-manual/index` Manual.
+
+- *Toaster:* Toaster is a web interface to the Yocto Project
+ OpenEmbedded build system. Toaster allows you to configure, run, and
+ view information about builds. For information on Toaster, see the
+ :doc:`/toaster-manual/index`.
+
+- *VSCode IDE Extension:* The `Yocto Project BitBake
+ <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
+ extension for Visual Studio Code provides a rich set of features for working
+ with BitBake recipes. The extension provides syntax highlighting,
+ hover tips, and completion for BitBake files as well as embedded Python and
+ Bash languages. Additional views and commands allow you to efficiently
+ browse, build and edit recipes. It also provides SDK integration for
+ cross-compiling and debugging through ``devtool``.
+
+ Learn more about the VSCode Extension on the `extension's frontpage
+ <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__.
+
+Production Tools
+----------------
+
+Here are tools that help with production related activities using the
+Yocto Project:
+
+- *Auto Upgrade Helper:* This utility when used in conjunction with the
+ :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+ (BitBake and
+ OE-Core) automatically generates upgrades for recipes that are based
+ on new versions of the recipes published upstream. See
+ :ref:`dev-manual/upgrading-recipes:using the auto upgrade helper (auh)`
+ for how to set it up.
+
+- *Recipe Reporting System:* The Recipe Reporting System tracks recipe
+ versions available for Yocto Project. The main purpose of the system
+ is to help you manage the recipes you maintain and to offer a dynamic
+ overview of the project. The Recipe Reporting System is built on top
+ of the :oe_layerindex:`OpenEmbedded Layer Index <>`, which
+ is a website that indexes OpenEmbedded-Core layers.
+
+- *Patchwork:* `Patchwork <https://patchwork.yoctoproject.org/>`__
+ is a fork of a project originally started by
+ `OzLabs <https://ozlabs.org/>`__. The project is a web-based tracking
+ system designed to streamline the process of bringing contributions
+ into a project. The Yocto Project uses Patchwork as an organizational
+ tool to handle patches, which number in the thousands for every
+ release.
+
+- *AutoBuilder:* AutoBuilder is a project that automates build tests
+ and quality assurance (QA). By using the public AutoBuilder, anyone
+ can determine the status of the current development branch of Poky.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ AutoBuilder is based on buildbot.
+
+ A goal of the Yocto Project is to lead the open source industry with
+ a project that automates testing and QA procedures. In doing so, the
+ project encourages a development community that publishes QA and test
+ plans, publicly demonstrates QA and test plans, and encourages
+ development of tools that automate and test and QA procedures for the
+ benefit of the development community.
+
+ You can learn more about the AutoBuilder used by the Yocto Project
+ Autobuilder :doc:`here </test-manual/understand-autobuilder>`.
+
+- *Pseudo:* Pseudo is the Yocto Project implementation of
+ `fakeroot <http://man.he.net/man1/fakeroot>`__, which is used to run
+ commands in an environment that seemingly has root privileges.
+
+ During a build, it can be necessary to perform operations that
+ require system administrator privileges. For example, file ownership
+ or permissions might need to be defined. Pseudo is a tool that you
+ can either use directly or through the environment variable
+ ``LD_PRELOAD``. Either method allows these operations to succeed
+ even without system administrator privileges.
+
+ Thanks to Pseudo, the Yocto Project never needs root privileges to
+ build images for your target system.
+
+ You can read more about Pseudo in the
+ ":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:fakeroot and pseudo`" section.
+
+Open-Embedded Build System Components
+-------------------------------------
+
+Here are components associated with the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`:
+
+- *BitBake:* BitBake is a core component of the Yocto Project and is
+ used by the OpenEmbedded build system to build images. While BitBake
+ is key to the build system, BitBake is maintained separately from the
+ Yocto Project.
+
+ BitBake is a generic task execution engine that allows shell and
+ Python tasks to be run efficiently and in parallel while working
+ within complex inter-task dependency constraints. In short, BitBake
+ is a build engine that works through recipes written in a specific
+ format in order to perform sets of tasks.
+
+ You can learn more about BitBake in the :doc:`BitBake User
+ Manual <bitbake:index>`.
+
+- *OpenEmbedded-Core:* OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core) is a common layer of
+ metadata (i.e. recipes, classes, and associated files) used by
+ OpenEmbedded-derived systems, which includes the Yocto Project. The
+ Yocto Project and the OpenEmbedded Project both maintain the
+ OpenEmbedded-Core. You can find the OE-Core metadata in the Yocto
+ Project :yocto_git:`Source Repositories </poky/tree/meta>`.
+
+ Historically, the Yocto Project integrated the OE-Core metadata
+ throughout the Yocto Project source repository reference system
+ (Poky). After Yocto Project Version 1.0, the Yocto Project and
+ OpenEmbedded agreed to work together and share a common core set of
+ metadata (OE-Core), which contained much of the functionality
+ previously found in Poky. This collaboration achieved a long-standing
+ OpenEmbedded objective for having a more tightly controlled and
+ quality-assured core. The results also fit well with the Yocto
+ Project objective of achieving a smaller number of fully featured
+ tools as compared to many different ones.
+
+ Sharing a core set of metadata results in Poky as an integration
+ layer on top of OE-Core. You can see that in this
+ :ref:`figure <overview-manual/yp-intro:what is the yocto project?>`.
+ The Yocto Project combines various components such as BitBake, OE-Core,
+ script "glue", and documentation for its build system.
+
+Reference Distribution (Poky)
+-----------------------------
+
+Poky is the Yocto Project reference distribution. It contains the
+:term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+(BitBake and OE-Core) as well as a set of metadata to get you started
+building your own distribution. See the figure in
+":ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:what is the yocto project?`"
+section for an illustration that shows Poky and its relationship with
+other parts of the Yocto Project.
+
+To use the Yocto Project tools and components, you can download
+(``clone``) Poky and use it to bootstrap your own distribution.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Poky does not contain binary files. It is a working example of how to
+ build your own custom Linux distribution from source.
+
+You can read more about Poky in the
+":ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:reference embedded distribution (poky)`"
+section.
+
+Packages for Finished Targets
+-----------------------------
+
+Here are components associated with packages for finished targets:
+
+- *Matchbox:* Matchbox is an Open Source, base environment for the X
+ Window System running on non-desktop, embedded platforms such as
+ handhelds, set-top boxes, kiosks, and anything else for which screen
+ space, input mechanisms, or system resources are limited.
+
+ Matchbox consists of a number of interchangeable and optional
+ applications that you can tailor to a specific, non-desktop platform
+ to enhance usability in constrained environments.
+
+ You can find the Matchbox source in the Yocto Project
+ :yocto_git:`Source Repositories <>`.
+
+- *Opkg:* Open PacKaGe management (opkg) is a lightweight package
+ management system based on the itsy package (ipkg) management system.
+ Opkg is written in C and resembles Advanced Package Tool (APT) and
+ Debian Package (dpkg) in operation.
+
+ Opkg is intended for use on embedded Linux devices and is used in
+ this capacity in the :oe_home:`OpenEmbedded <>` and
+ `OpenWrt <https://openwrt.org/>`__ projects, as well as the Yocto
+ Project.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ As best it can, opkg maintains backwards compatibility with ipkg
+ and conforms to a subset of Debian's policy manual regarding
+ control files.
+
+ You can find the opkg source in the Yocto Project
+ :yocto_git:`Source Repositories <>`.
+
+Archived Components
+-------------------
+
+The Build Appliance is a virtual machine image that enables you to build
+and boot a custom embedded Linux image with the Yocto Project using a
+non-Linux development system.
+
+Historically, the Build Appliance was the second of three methods by
+which you could use the Yocto Project on a system that was not native to
+Linux.
+
+#. *Hob:* Hob, which is now deprecated and is no longer available since
+ the 2.1 release of the Yocto Project provided a rudimentary,
+ GUI-based interface to the Yocto Project. Toaster has fully replaced
+ Hob.
+
+#. *Build Appliance:* Post Hob, the Build Appliance became available. It
+ was never recommended that you use the Build Appliance as a
+ day-to-day production development environment with the Yocto Project.
+ Build Appliance was useful as a way to try out development in the
+ Yocto Project environment.
+
+#. *CROPS:* The final and best solution available now for developing
+ using the Yocto Project on a system not native to Linux is with
+ :ref:`CROPS <overview-manual/yp-intro:development tools>`.
+
+Development Methods
+===================
+
+The Yocto Project development environment usually involves a
+:term:`Build Host` and target
+hardware. You use the Build Host to build images and develop
+applications, while you use the target hardware to execute deployed
+software.
+
+This section provides an introduction to the choices or development
+methods you have when setting up your Build Host. Depending on your
+particular workflow preference and the type of operating system your
+Build Host runs, you have several choices.
+
+.. note::
+
+ For additional detail about the Yocto Project development
+ environment, see the ":doc:`/overview-manual/development-environment`"
+ chapter.
+
+- *Native Linux Host:* By far the best option for a Build Host. A
+ system running Linux as its native operating system allows you to
+ develop software by directly using the
+ :term:`BitBake` tool. You can
+ accomplish all aspects of development from a regular shell in a
+ supported Linux distribution.
+
+ For information on how to set up a Build Host on a system running
+ Linux as its native operating system, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/start:setting up a native linux host`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+- *CROss PlatformS (CROPS):* Typically, you use
+ `CROPS <https://github.com/crops/poky-container/>`__, which leverages
+ `Docker Containers <https://www.docker.com/>`__, to set up a Build
+ Host that is not running Linux (e.g. Microsoft Windows or macOS).
+
+ .. note::
+
+ You can, however, use CROPS on a Linux-based system.
+
+ CROPS is an open source, cross-platform development framework that
+ provides an easily managed, extensible environment for building
+ binaries targeted for a variety of architectures on Windows, macOS,
+ or Linux hosts. Once the Build Host is set up using CROPS, you can
+ prepare a shell environment to mimic that of a shell being used on a
+ system natively running Linux.
+
+ For information on how to set up a Build Host with CROPS, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/start:setting up to use cross platforms (crops)`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+- *Windows Subsystem For Linux (WSL 2):* You may use Windows Subsystem
+ For Linux version 2 to set up a Build Host using Windows 10 or later,
+ or Windows Server 2019 or later.
+
+ The Windows Subsystem For Linux allows Windows to run a real Linux
+ kernel inside of a lightweight virtual machine (VM).
+
+ For information on how to set up a Build Host with WSL 2, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/start:setting up to use windows subsystem for linux (wsl 2)`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
+
+- *Toaster:* Regardless of what your Build Host is running, you can use
+ Toaster to develop software using the Yocto Project. Toaster is a web
+ interface to the Yocto Project's :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`.
+ The interface allows you to configure and run your builds. Information
+ about builds is collected and stored in a database. You can use Toaster
+ to configure and start builds on multiple remote build servers.
+
+ For information about and how to use Toaster, see the
+ :doc:`/toaster-manual/index`.
+
+- *Using the VSCode Extension:* You can use the `Yocto Project BitBake
+ <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
+ extension for Visual Studio Code to start your BitBake builds through a
+ graphical user interface.
+
+ Learn more about the VSCode Extension on the `extension's marketplace page
+ <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
+
+Reference Embedded Distribution (Poky)
+======================================
+
+"Poky", which is pronounced *Pock*-ee, is the name of the Yocto
+Project's reference distribution or Reference OS Kit. Poky contains the
+:term:`OpenEmbedded Build System` (:term:`BitBake` and
+:term:`OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core)`) as well as a set of
+:term:`Metadata` to get you started building your own distro. In other
+words, Poky is a base specification of the functionality needed for a
+typical embedded system as well as the components from the Yocto Project
+that allow you to build a distribution into a usable binary image.
+
+Poky is a combined repository of BitBake, OpenEmbedded-Core (which is
+found in ``meta``), ``meta-poky``, ``meta-yocto-bsp``, and documentation
+provided all together and known to work well together. You can view
+these items that make up the Poky repository in the
+:yocto_git:`Source Repositories </poky/tree/>`.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If you are interested in all the contents of the
+ poky
+ Git repository, see the ":ref:`ref-manual/structure:top-level core components`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
+
+The following figure illustrates what generally comprises Poky:
+
+.. image:: figures/poky-reference-distribution.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+- BitBake is a task executor and scheduler that is the heart of the
+ OpenEmbedded build system.
+
+- ``meta-poky``, which is Poky-specific metadata.
+
+- ``meta-yocto-bsp``, which are Yocto Project-specific Board Support
+ Packages (BSPs).
+
+- OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core) metadata, which includes shared
+ configurations, global variable definitions, shared classes,
+ packaging, and recipes. Classes define the encapsulation and
+ inheritance of build logic. Recipes are the logical units of software
+ and images to be built.
+
+- Documentation, which contains the Yocto Project source files used to
+ make the set of user manuals.
+
+.. note::
+
+ While Poky is a "complete" distribution specification and is tested
+ and put through QA, you cannot use it as a product "out of the box"
+ in its current form.
+
+To use the Yocto Project tools, you can use Git to clone (download) the
+Poky repository then use your local copy of the reference distribution
+to bootstrap your own distribution.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Poky does not contain binary files. It is a working example of how to
+ build your own custom Linux distribution from source.
+
+Poky has a regular, well established, six-month release cycle under its
+own version. Major releases occur at the same time major releases (point
+releases) occur for the Yocto Project, which are typically in the Spring
+and Fall. For more information on the Yocto Project release schedule and
+cadence, see the ":doc:`/ref-manual/release-process`" chapter in the
+Yocto Project Reference Manual.
+
+Much has been said about Poky being a "default configuration". A default
+configuration provides a starting image footprint. You can use Poky out
+of the box to create an image ranging from a shell-accessible minimal
+image all the way up to a Linux Standard Base-compliant image that uses
+a GNOME Mobile and Embedded (GMAE) based reference user interface called
+Sato.
+
+One of the most powerful properties of Poky is that every aspect of a
+build is controlled by the metadata. You can use metadata to augment
+these base image types by adding metadata :ref:`layers
+<overview-manual/yp-intro:the yocto project layer model>` that extend
+functionality.
+These layers can provide, for example, an additional software stack for
+an image type, add a board support package (BSP) for additional
+hardware, or even create a new image type.
+
+Metadata is loosely grouped into configuration files or package recipes.
+A recipe is a collection of non-executable metadata used by BitBake to
+set variables or define additional build-time tasks. A recipe contains
+fields such as the recipe description, the recipe version, the license
+of the package and the upstream source repository. A recipe might also
+indicate that the build process uses autotools, make, distutils or any
+other build process, in which case the basic functionality can be
+defined by the classes it inherits from the OE-Core layer's class
+definitions in ``./meta/classes``. Within a recipe you can also define
+additional tasks as well as task prerequisites. Recipe syntax through
+BitBake also supports both ``:prepend`` and ``:append`` operators as a
+method of extending task functionality. These operators inject code into
+the beginning or end of a task. For information on these BitBake
+operators, see the
+":ref:`bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-metadata:appending and prepending (override style syntax)`"
+section in the BitBake User's Manual.
+
+The OpenEmbedded Build System Workflow
+======================================
+
+The :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System` uses a "workflow" to
+accomplish image and SDK generation. The following figure overviews that
+workflow:
+
+.. image:: figures/YP-flow-diagram.png
+ :width: 100%
+
+Here is a brief summary of the "workflow":
+
+#. Developers specify architecture, policies, patches and configuration
+ details.
+
+#. The build system fetches and downloads the source code from the
+ specified location. The build system supports standard methods such
+ as tarballs or source code repositories systems such as Git.
+
+#. Once source code is downloaded, the build system extracts the sources
+ into a local work area where patches are applied and common steps for
+ configuring and compiling the software are run.
+
+#. The build system then installs the software into a temporary staging
+ area where the binary package format you select (DEB, RPM, or IPK) is
+ used to roll up the software.
+
+#. Different QA and sanity checks run throughout entire build process.
+
+#. After the binaries are created, the build system generates a binary
+ package feed that is used to create the final root file image.
+
+#. The build system generates the file system image and a customized
+ Extensible SDK (eSDK) for application development in parallel.
+
+For a very detailed look at this workflow, see the
+":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:openembedded build system concepts`" section.
+
+Some Basic Terms
+================
+
+It helps to understand some basic fundamental terms when learning the
+Yocto Project. Although there is a list of terms in the ":doc:`Yocto Project
+Terms </ref-manual/terms>`" section of the Yocto Project
+Reference Manual, this section provides the definitions of some terms
+helpful for getting started:
+
+- *Configuration Files:* Files that hold global definitions of
+ variables, user-defined variables, and hardware configuration
+ information. These files tell the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System`
+ what to build and
+ what to put into the image to support a particular platform.
+
+- *Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK):* A custom SDK for
+ application developers. This eSDK allows developers to incorporate
+ their library and programming changes back into the image to make
+ their code available to other application developers. For information
+ on the eSDK, see the :doc:`/sdk-manual/index` manual.
+
+- *Layer:* A collection of related recipes. Layers allow you to
+ consolidate related metadata to customize your build. Layers also
+ isolate information used when building for multiple architectures.
+ Layers are hierarchical in their ability to override previous
+ specifications. You can include any number of available layers from
+ the Yocto Project and customize the build by adding your own layers
+ after them. You can search the Layer Index for layers used within
+ Yocto Project.
+
+ For more detailed information on layers, see the
+ ":ref:`dev-manual/layers:understanding and creating layers`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual. For a
+ discussion specifically on BSP Layers, see the
+ ":ref:`bsp-guide/bsp:bsp layers`" section in the Yocto
+ Project Board Support Packages (BSP) Developer's Guide.
+
+- *Metadata:* A key element of the Yocto Project is the Metadata that
+ is used to construct a Linux distribution and is contained in the
+ files that the OpenEmbedded build system parses when building an
+ image. In general, Metadata includes recipes, configuration files,
+ and other information that refers to the build instructions
+ themselves, as well as the data used to control what things get built
+ and the effects of the build. Metadata also includes commands and
+ data used to indicate what versions of software are used, from where
+ they are obtained, and changes or additions to the software itself
+ (patches or auxiliary files) that are used to fix bugs or customize
+ the software for use in a particular situation. OpenEmbedded-Core is
+ an important set of validated metadata.
+
+- *OpenEmbedded Build System:* The terms "BitBake" and "build system"
+ are sometimes used for the OpenEmbedded Build System.
+
+ BitBake is a task scheduler and execution engine that parses
+ instructions (i.e. recipes) and configuration data. After a parsing
+ phase, BitBake creates a dependency tree to order the compilation,
+ schedules the compilation of the included code, and finally executes
+ the building of the specified custom Linux image (distribution).
+ BitBake is similar to the ``make`` tool.
+
+ During a build process, the build system tracks dependencies and
+ performs a native or cross-compilation of each package. As a first
+ step in a cross-build setup, the framework attempts to create a
+ cross-compiler toolchain (i.e. Extensible SDK) suited for the target
+ platform.
+
+- *OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core):* OE-Core is metadata comprised of
+ foundation recipes, classes, and associated files that are meant to
+ be common among many different OpenEmbedded-derived systems,
+ including the Yocto Project. OE-Core is a curated subset of an
+ original repository developed by the OpenEmbedded community that has
+ been pared down into a smaller, core set of continuously validated
+ recipes. The result is a tightly controlled and quality-assured core
+ set of recipes.
+
+ You can see the Metadata in the ``meta`` directory of the Yocto
+ Project :yocto_git:`Source Repositories <>`.
+
+- *Packages:* In the context of the Yocto Project, this term refers to
+ a recipe's packaged output produced by BitBake (i.e. a "baked
+ recipe"). A package is generally the compiled binaries produced from
+ the recipe's sources. You "bake" something by running it through
+ BitBake.
+
+ It is worth noting that the term "package" can, in general, have
+ subtle meanings. For example, the packages referred to in the
+ ":ref:`ref-manual/system-requirements:required packages for the build host`"
+ section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual are compiled binaries
+ that, when installed, add functionality to your host Linux
+ distribution.
+
+ Another point worth noting is that historically within the Yocto
+ Project, recipes were referred to as packages --- thus, the existence
+ of several BitBake variables that are seemingly mis-named, (e.g.
+ :term:`PR`,
+ :term:`PV`, and
+ :term:`PE`).
+
+- *Poky:* Poky is a reference embedded distribution and a reference
+ test configuration. Poky provides the following:
+
+ - A base-level functional distro used to illustrate how to customize
+ a distribution.
+
+ - A means by which to test the Yocto Project components (i.e. Poky
+ is used to validate the Yocto Project).
+
+ - A vehicle through which you can download the Yocto Project.
+
+ Poky is not a product level distro. Rather, it is a good starting
+ point for customization.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ Poky is an integration layer on top of OE-Core.
+
+- *Recipe:* The most common form of metadata. A recipe contains a list
+ of settings and tasks (i.e. instructions) for building packages that
+ are then used to build the binary image. A recipe describes where you
+ get source code and which patches to apply. Recipes describe
+ dependencies for libraries or for other recipes as well as
+ configuration and compilation options. Related recipes are
+ consolidated into a layer.