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Those files belong to the admin guide, so add them.
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+samsung@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup
Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
"Documentation updates and the addition of cgroup_parse_float() which
will be used by new controllers including blk-iocost"
* 'for-5.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup:
docs: cgroup-v1: convert docs to ReST and rename to *.rst
cgroup: Move cgroup_parse_float() implementation out of CONFIG_SYSFS
cgroup: add cgroup_parse_float()
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup
Pull cgroup fixes from Tejun Heo:
"This has an unusually high density of tricky fixes:
- task_get_css() could deadlock when it races against a dying cgroup.
- cgroup.procs didn't list thread group leaders with live threads.
This could mislead readers to think that a cgroup is empty when
it's not. Fixed by making PROCS iterator include dead tasks. I made
a couple mistakes making this change and this pull request contains
a couple follow-up patches.
- When cpusets run out of online cpus, it updates cpusmasks of member
tasks in bizarre ways. Joel improved the behavior significantly"
* 'for-5.2-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup:
cpuset: restore sanity to cpuset_cpus_allowed_fallback()
cgroup: Fix css_task_iter_advance_css_set() cset skip condition
cgroup: css_task_iter_skip()'d iterators must be advanced before accessed
cgroup: Include dying leaders with live threads in PROCS iterations
cgroup: Implement css_task_iter_skip()
cgroup: Call cgroup_release() before __exit_signal()
docs cgroups: add another example size for hugetlb
cgroup: Use css_tryget() instead of css_tryget_online() in task_get_css()
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Convert the cgroup-v1 files to ReST format, in order to
allow a later addition to the admin-guide.
The conversion is actually:
- add blank lines and identation in order to identify paragraphs;
- fix tables markups;
- add some lists markups;
- mark literal blocks;
- adjust title markups.
At its new index.rst, let's add a :orphan: while this is not linked to
the main index.rst file, in order to avoid build warnings.
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+samsung@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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There's some discussion on how to do this the best, and Tejun prefers
that BFQ just create the file itself instead of having cgroups support
a symlink feature.
Hence revert commit 54b7b868e826 and 19e9da9e86c4 for 5.2, and this
can be done properly for 5.3.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
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This commit enables a cftype to have a symlink (of any name) that
points to the file associated with the cftype.
Signed-off-by: Angelo Ruocco <angeloruocco90@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
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memory.stat and other files already consider subtrees in their output, and
we should too in order to not present an inconsistent interface.
The current situation is fairly confusing, because people interacting with
cgroups expect hierarchical behaviour in the vein of memory.stat,
cgroup.events, and other files. For example, this causes confusion when
debugging reclaim events under low, as currently these always read "0" at
non-leaf memcg nodes, which frequently causes people to misdiagnose breach
behaviour. The same confusion applies to other counters in this file when
debugging issues.
Aggregation is done at write time instead of at read-time since these
counters aren't hot (unlike memory.stat which is per-page, so it does it
at read time), and it makes sense to bundle this with the file
notifications.
After this patch, events are propagated up the hierarchy:
[root@ktst ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/memory.events
low 0
high 0
max 0
oom 0
oom_kill 0
[root@ktst ~]# systemd-run -p MemoryMax=1 true
Running as unit: run-r251162a189fb4562b9dabfdc9b0422f5.service
[root@ktst ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/memory.events
low 0
high 0
max 7
oom 1
oom_kill 1
As this is a change in behaviour, this can be reverted to the old
behaviour by mounting with the `memory_localevents' flag set. However, we
use the new behaviour by default as there's a lack of evidence that there
are any current users of memory.events that would find this change
undesirable.
akpm: this is a behaviour change, so Cc:stable. THis is so that
forthcoming distros which use cgroup v2 are more likely to pick up the
revised behaviour.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190208224419.GA24772@chrisdown.name
Signed-off-by: Chris Down <chris@chrisdown.name>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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CSS_TASK_ITER_PROCS currently iterates live group leaders; however,
this means that a process with dying leader and live threads will be
skipped. IOW, cgroup.procs might be empty while cgroup.threads isn't,
which is confusing to say the least.
Fix it by making cset track dying tasks and include dying leaders with
live threads in PROCS iteration.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-and-tested-by: Topi Miettinen <toiwoton@gmail.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
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Cgroup v1 implements the freezer controller, which provides an ability
to stop the workload in a cgroup and temporarily free up some
resources (cpu, io, network bandwidth and, potentially, memory)
for some other tasks. Cgroup v2 lacks this functionality.
This patch implements freezer for cgroup v2.
Cgroup v2 freezer tries to put tasks into a state similar to jobctl
stop. This means that tasks can be killed, ptraced (using
PTRACE_SEIZE*), and interrupted. It is possible to attach to
a frozen task, get some information (e.g. read registers) and detach.
It's also possible to migrate a frozen tasks to another cgroup.
This differs cgroup v2 freezer from cgroup v1 freezer, which mostly
tried to imitate the system-wide freezer. However uninterruptible
sleep is fine when all tasks are going to be frozen (hibernation case),
it's not the acceptable state for some subset of the system.
Cgroup v2 freezer is not supporting freezing kthreads.
If a non-root cgroup contains kthread, the cgroup still can be frozen,
but the kthread will remain running, the cgroup will be shown
as non-frozen, and the notification will not be delivered.
* PTRACE_ATTACH is not working because non-fatal signal delivery
is blocked in frozen state.
There are some interface differences between cgroup v1 and cgroup v2
freezer too, which are required to conform the cgroup v2 interface
design principles:
1) There is no separate controller, which has to be turned on:
the functionality is always available and is represented by
cgroup.freeze and cgroup.events cgroup control files.
2) The desired state is defined by the cgroup.freeze control file.
Any hierarchical configuration is allowed.
3) The interface is asynchronous. The actual state is available
using cgroup.events control file ("frozen" field). There are no
dedicated transitional states.
4) It's allowed to make any changes with the cgroup hierarchy
(create new cgroups, remove old cgroups, move tasks between cgroups)
no matter if some cgroups are frozen.
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
No-objection-from-me-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: kernel-team@fb.com
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The number of descendant cgroups and the number of dying
descendant cgroups are currently synchronized using the cgroup_mutex.
The number of descendant cgroups will be required by the cgroup v2
freezer, which will use it to determine if a cgroup is frozen
(depending on total number of descendants and number of frozen
descendants). It's not always acceptable to grab the cgroup_mutex,
especially from quite hot paths (e.g. exit()).
To avoid this, let's additionally synchronize these counters using
the css_set_lock.
So, it's safe to read these counters with either cgroup_mutex or
css_set_lock locked, and for changing both locks should be acquired.
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: kernel-team@fb.com
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup
Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
- Oleg's pids controller accounting update which gets rid of rcu delay
in pids accounting updates
- rstat (cgroup hierarchical stat collection mechanism) optimization
- Doc updates
* 'for-5.1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup:
cpuset: remove unused task_has_mempolicy()
cgroup, rstat: Don't flush subtree root unless necessary
cgroup: add documentation for pids.events file
Documentation: cgroup-v2: eliminate markup warnings
MAINTAINERS: Update cgroup entry
cgroup/pids: turn cgroup_subsys->free() into cgroup_subsys->release() to fix the accounting
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Cgroup has a standardized poll/notification mechanism for waking all
pollers on all fds when a filesystem node changes. To allow polling for
custom events, add a .poll callback that can override the default.
This is in preparation for pollable cgroup pressure files which have
per-fd trigger configurations.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190124211518.244221-3-surenb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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the accounting
The only user of cgroup_subsys->free() callback is pids_cgrp_subsys which
needs pids_free() to uncharge the pid.
However, ->free() is called from __put_task_struct()->cgroup_free() and this
is too late. Even the trivial program which does
for (;;) {
int pid = fork();
assert(pid >= 0);
if (pid)
wait(NULL);
else
exit(0);
}
can run out of limits because release_task()->call_rcu(delayed_put_task_struct)
implies an RCU gp after the task/pid goes away and before the final put().
Test-case:
mkdir -p /tmp/CG
mount -t cgroup2 none /tmp/CG
echo '+pids' > /tmp/CG/cgroup.subtree_control
mkdir /tmp/CG/PID
echo 2 > /tmp/CG/PID/pids.max
perl -e 'while ($p = fork) { wait; } $p // die "fork failed: $!\n"' &
echo $! > /tmp/CG/PID/cgroup.procs
Without this patch the forking process fails soon after migration.
Rename cgroup_subsys->free() to cgroup_subsys->release() and move the callsite
into the new helper, cgroup_release(), called by release_task() which actually
frees the pid(s).
Reported-by: Herton R. Krzesinski <hkrzesin@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Jan Stancek <jstancek@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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For debugging purpose, it will be useful to expose the content of the
subparts_cpus as a read-only file to see if the code work correctly.
However, subparts_cpus will not be used at all in most use cases. So
adding a new cpuset file that clutters the cgroup directory may not be
desirable. This is now being done by using the hidden "cgroup_debug"
kernel command line option to expose a new "cpuset.cpus.subpartitions"
file.
That option was originally used by the debug controller to expose
itself when configured into the kernel. This is now extended to set an
internal flag used by cgroup_addrm_files(). A new CFTYPE_DEBUG flag
can now be used to specify that a cgroup file should only be created
when the "cgroup_debug" option is specified.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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On a system that executes multiple cgrouped jobs and independent
workloads, we don't just care about the health of the overall system, but
also that of individual jobs, so that we can ensure individual job health,
fairness between jobs, or prioritize some jobs over others.
This patch implements pressure stall tracking for cgroups. In kernels
with CONFIG_PSI=y, cgroup2 groups will have cpu.pressure, memory.pressure,
and io.pressure files that track aggregate pressure stall times for only
the tasks inside the cgroup.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180828172258.3185-10-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Tested-by: Daniel Drake <drake@endlessm.com>
Tested-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@fb.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Enderborg <peter.enderborg@sony.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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A cgroup which is already a threaded domain may be converted into a
threaded cgroup if the prerequisite conditions are met. When this
happens, all threaded descendant should also have their ->dom_cgrp
updated to the new threaded domain cgroup. Unfortunately, this
propagation was missing leading to the following failure.
# cd /sys/fs/cgroup/unified
# cat cgroup.subtree_control # show that no controllers are enabled
# mkdir -p mycgrp/a/b/c
# echo threaded > mycgrp/a/b/cgroup.type
At this point, the hierarchy looks as follows:
mycgrp [d]
a [dt]
b [t]
c [inv]
Now let's make node "a" threaded (and thus "mycgrp" s made "domain threaded"):
# echo threaded > mycgrp/a/cgroup.type
By this point, we now have a hierarchy that looks as follows:
mycgrp [dt]
a [t]
b [t]
c [inv]
But, when we try to convert the node "c" from "domain invalid" to
"threaded", we get ENOTSUP on the write():
# echo threaded > mycgrp/a/b/c/cgroup.type
sh: echo: write error: Operation not supported
This patch fixes the problem by
* Moving the opencoded ->dom_cgrp save and restoration in
cgroup_enable_threaded() into cgroup_{save|restore}_control() so
that mulitple cgroups can be handled.
* Updating all threaded descendants' ->dom_cgrp to point to the new
dom_cgrp when enabling threaded mode.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-and-tested-by: "Michael Kerrisk (man-pages)" <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Amin Jamali <ajamali@pivotal.io>
Reported-by: Joao De Almeida Pereira <jpereira@pivotal.io>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/CAKgNAkhHYCMn74TCNiMJ=ccLd7DcmXSbvw3CbZ1YREeG7iJM5g@mail.gmail.com
Fixes: 454000adaa2a ("cgroup: introduce cgroup->dom_cgrp and threaded css_set handling")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.14+
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Since IO can be issued from literally anywhere it's almost impossible to
do throttling without having some sort of adverse effect somewhere else
in the system because of locking or other dependencies. The best way to
solve this is to do the throttling when we know we aren't holding any
other kernel resources. Do this by tracking throttling in a per-blkg
basis, and if we require throttling flag the task that it needs to check
before it returns to user space and possibly sleep there.
This is to address the case where a process is doing work that is
generating IO that can't be throttled, whether that is directly with a
lot of REQ_META IO, or indirectly by allocating so much memory that it
is swamping the disk with REQ_SWAP. We can't use task_add_work as we
don't want to induce a memory allocation in the IO path, so simply
saving the request queue in the task and flagging it to do the
notify_resume thing achieves the same result without the overhead of a
memory allocation.
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fb.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
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This patch adds cgroup_subsys->css_rstat_flush(). If a subsystem has
this callback, its csses are linked on cgrp->css_rstat_list and rstat
will call the function whenever the associated cgroup is flushed.
Flush is also performed when such csses are released so that residual
counts aren't lost.
Combined with the rstat API previous patches factored out, this allows
controllers to plug into rstat to manage their statistics in a
scalable way.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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Base resource stat accounts universial (not specific to any
controller) resource consumptions on top of rstat. Currently, its
implementation is intermixed with rstat implementation making the code
confusing to follow.
This patch clarifies the distintion by doing the followings.
* Encapsulate base resource stat counters, currently only cputime, in
struct cgroup_base_stat.
* Move prev_cputime into struct cgroup and initialize it with cgroup.
* Rename the related functions so that they start with cgroup_base_stat.
* Prefix the related variables and field names with b.
This patch doesn't make any functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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stat is too generic a name and ends up causing subtle confusions.
It'll be made generic so that controllers can plug into it, which will
make the problem worse. Let's rename it to something more specific -
cgroup_rstat for cgroup recursive stat.
This patch does the following renames. No other changes.
* cpu_stat -> rstat_cpu
* stat -> rstat
* ?cstat -> ?rstatc
Note that the renames are selective. The unrenamed are the ones which
implement basic resource statistics on top of rstat. This will be
further cleaned up in the following patches.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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".events" files generate file modified event to notify userland of
possible new events. Some of the events can be quite bursty
(e.g. memory high event) and generating notification each time is
costly and pointless.
This patch implements a event rate limit mechanism. If a new
notification is requested before 10ms has passed since the previous
notification, the new notification is delayed till then.
As this only delays from the second notification on in a given close
cluster of notifications, userland reactions to notifications
shouldn't be delayed at all in most cases while avoiding notification
storms.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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Pull workqueue updates from Tejun Heo:
"rcu_work addition and a couple trivial changes"
* 'for-4.17' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/wq:
workqueue: remove the comment about the old manager_arb mutex
workqueue: fix the comments of nr_idle
fs/aio: Use rcu_work instead of explicit rcu and work item
cgroup: Use rcu_work instead of explicit rcu and work item
RCU, workqueue: Implement rcu_work
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Workqueue now has rcu_work. Use it instead of open-coding rcu -> work
item bouncing.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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Andrei Vagin reported a KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds error in
skb_update_prio()
Since SYNACK might be attached to a request socket, we need to
get back to the listener socket.
Since this listener is manipulated without locks, add const
qualifiers to sock_cgroup_prioidx() so that the const can also
be used in skb_update_prio()
Also add the const qualifier to sock_cgroup_classid() for consistency.
Fixes: ca6fb0651883 ("tcp: attach SYNACK messages to request sockets instead of listener")
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Reported-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
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The cgroup_subsys structure references a documentation file that has been
renamed after the v1/v2 split. Since the v2 documentation doesn't
currently contain any information on kernel interfaces for controllers,
point the user to the v1 docs.
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Matt Roper <matthew.d.roper@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup
Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
"Cgroup2 cpu controller support is finally merged.
- Basic cpu statistics support to allow monitoring by default without
the CPU controller enabled.
- cgroup2 cpu controller support.
- /sys/kernel/cgroup files to help dealing with new / optional
features"
* 'for-4.15' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup:
cgroup: export list of cgroups v2 features using sysfs
cgroup: export list of delegatable control files using sysfs
cgroup: mark @cgrp __maybe_unused in cpu_stat_show()
MAINTAINERS: relocate cpuset.c
cgroup, sched: Move basic cpu stats from cgroup.stat to cpu.stat
sched: Implement interface for cgroup unified hierarchy
sched: Misc preps for cgroup unified hierarchy interface
sched/cputime: Add dummy cputime_adjust() implementation for CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING_NATIVE
cgroup: statically initialize init_css_set->dfl_cgrp
cgroup: Implement cgroup2 basic CPU usage accounting
cpuacct: Introduce cgroup_account_cputime[_field]()
sched/cputime: Expose cputime_adjust()
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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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The basic cpu stat is currently shown with "cpu." prefix in
cgroup.stat, and the same information is duplicated in cpu.stat when
cpu controller is enabled. This is ugly and not very scalable as we
want to expand the coverage of stat information which is always
available.
This patch makes cgroup core always create "cpu.stat" file and show
the basic cpu stat there and calls the cpu controller to show the
extra stats when enabled. This ensures that the same information
isn't presented in multiple places and makes future expansion of basic
stats easier.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
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|
In cgroup1, while cpuacct isn't actually controlling any resources, it
is a separate controller due to combination of two factors -
1. enabling cpu controller has significant side effects, and 2. we
have to pick one of the hierarchies to account CPU usages on. cpuacct
controller is effectively used to designate a hierarchy to track CPU
usages on.
cgroup2's unified hierarchy removes the second reason and we can
account basic CPU usages by default. While we can use cpuacct for
this purpose, both its interface and implementation leave a lot to be
desired - it collects and exposes two sources of truth which don't
agree with each other and some of the exposed statistics don't make
much sense. Also, it propagates all the way up the hierarchy on each
accounting event which is unnecessary.
This patch adds basic resource accounting mechanism to cgroup2's
unified hierarchy and accounts CPU usages using it.
* All accountings are done per-cpu and don't propagate immediately.
It just bumps the per-cgroup per-cpu counters and links to the
parent's updated list if not already on it.
* On a read, the per-cpu counters are collected into the global ones
and then propagated upwards. Only the per-cpu counters which have
changed since the last read are propagated.
* CPU usage stats are collected and shown in "cgroup.stat" with "cpu."
prefix. Total usage is collected from scheduling events. User/sys
breakdown is sourced from tick sampling and adjusted to the usage
using cputime_adjust().
This keeps the accounting side hot path O(1) and per-cpu and the read
side O(nr_updated_since_last_read).
v2: Minor changes and documentation updates as suggested by Waiman and
Roman.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
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A new mount option "cpuset_v2_mode" is added to the v1 cgroupfs
filesystem to enable cpuset controller to use v2 behavior in a v1
cgroup. This mount option applies only to cpuset controller and have
no effect on other controllers.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
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Creating cgroup hierearchies of unreasonable size can affect
overall system performance. A user might want to limit the
size of cgroup hierarchy. This is especially important if a user
is delegating some cgroup sub-tree.
To address this issue, introduce an ability to control
the size of cgroup hierarchy.
The cgroup.max.descendants control file allows to set the maximum
allowed number of descendant cgroups.
The cgroup.max.depth file controls the maximum depth of the cgroup
tree. Both are single value r/w files, with "max" default value.
The control files exist on each hierarchy level (including root).
When a new cgroup is created, we check the total descendants
and depth limits on each level, and if none of them are exceeded,
a new cgroup is created.
Only alive cgroups are counted, removed (dying) cgroups are
ignored.
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Zefan Li <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: kernel-team@fb.com
Cc: cgroups@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
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Keep track of the number of online and dying descent cgroups.
This data will be used later to add an ability to control cgroup
hierarchy (limit the depth and the number of descent cgroups)
and display hierarchy stats.
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Zefan Li <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: kernel-team@fb.com
Cc: cgroups@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
|
|
This patch implements cgroup v2 thread support. The goal of the
thread mode is supporting hierarchical accounting and control at
thread granularity while staying inside the resource domain model
which allows coordination across different resource controllers and
handling of anonymous resource consumptions.
A cgroup is always created as a domain and can be made threaded by
writing to the "cgroup.type" file. When a cgroup becomes threaded, it
becomes a member of a threaded subtree which is anchored at the
closest ancestor which isn't threaded.
The threads of the processes which are in a threaded subtree can be
placed anywhere without being restricted by process granularity or
no-internal-process constraint. Note that the threads aren't allowed
to escape to a different threaded subtree. To be used inside a
threaded subtree, a controller should explicitly support threaded mode
and be able to handle internal competition in the way which is
appropriate for the resource.
The root of a threaded subtree, the nearest ancestor which isn't
threaded, is called the threaded domain and serves as the resource
domain for the whole subtree. This is the last cgroup where domain
controllers are operational and where all the domain-level resource
consumptions in the subtree are accounted. This allows threaded
controllers to operate at thread granularity when requested while
staying inside the scope of system-level resource distribution.
As the root cgroup is exempt from the no-internal-process constraint,
it can serve as both a threaded domain and a parent to normal cgroups,
so, unlike non-root cgroups, the root cgroup can have both domain and
threaded children.
Internally, in a threaded subtree, each css_set has its ->dom_cset
pointing to a matching css_set which belongs to the threaded domain.
This ensures that thread root level cgroup_subsys_state for all
threaded controllers are readily accessible for domain-level
operations.
This patch enables threaded mode for the pids and perf_events
controllers. Neither has to worry about domain-level resource
consumptions and it's enough to simply set the flag.
For more details on the interface and behavior of the thread mode,
please refer to the section 2-2-2 in Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt added
by this patch.
v5: - Dropped silly no-op ->dom_cgrp init from cgroup_create().
Spotted by Waiman.
- Documentation updated as suggested by Waiman.
- cgroup.type content slightly reformatted.
- Mark the debug controller threaded.
v4: - Updated to the general idea of marking specific cgroups
domain/threaded as suggested by PeterZ.
v3: - Dropped "join" and always make mixed children join the parent's
threaded subtree.
v2: - After discussions with Waiman, support for mixed thread mode is
added. This should address the issue that Peter pointed out
where any nesting should be avoided for thread subtrees while
coexisting with other domain cgroups.
- Enabling / disabling thread mode now piggy backs on the existing
control mask update mechanism.
- Bug fixes and cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
|
|
cgroup v2 is in the process of growing thread granularity support. A
threaded subtree is composed of a thread root and threaded cgroups
which are proper members of the subtree.
The root cgroup of the subtree serves as the domain cgroup to which
the processes (as opposed to threads / tasks) of the subtree
conceptually belong and domain-level resource consumptions not tied to
any specific task are charged. Inside the subtree, threads won't be
subject to process granularity or no-internal-task constraint and can
be distributed arbitrarily across the subtree.
This patch introduces cgroup->dom_cgrp along with threaded css_set
handling.
* cgroup->dom_cgrp points to self for normal and thread roots. For
proper thread subtree members, points to the dom_cgrp (the thread
root).
* css_set->dom_cset points to self if for normal and thread roots. If
threaded, points to the css_set which belongs to the cgrp->dom_cgrp.
The dom_cgrp serves as the resource domain and keeps the matching
csses available. The dom_cset holds those csses and makes them
easily accessible.
* All threaded csets are linked on their dom_csets to enable iteration
of all threaded tasks.
* cgroup->nr_threaded_children keeps track of the number of threaded
children.
This patch adds the above but doesn't actually use them yet. The
following patches will build on top.
v4: ->nr_threaded_children added.
v3: ->proc_cgrp/cset renamed to ->dom_cgrp/cset. Updated for the new
enable-threaded-per-cgroup behavior.
v2: Added cgroup_is_threaded() helper.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
cgrp->populated_cnt counts both local (the cgroup's populated
css_sets) and subtree proper (populated children) so that it's only
zero when the whole subtree, including self, is empty.
This patch splits the counter into two so that local and children
populated states are tracked separately. It allows finer-grained
tests on the state of the hierarchy which will be used to replace
css_set walking local populated test.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
Currently, cgroup only supports delegation to !root users and cgroup
namespaces don't get any special treatments. This limits the
usefulness of cgroup namespaces as they by themselves can't be safe
delegation boundaries. A process inside a cgroup can change the
resource control knobs of the parent in the namespace root and may
move processes in and out of the namespace if cgroups outside its
namespace are visible somehow.
This patch adds a new mount option "nsdelegate" which makes cgroup
namespaces delegation boundaries. If set, cgroup behaves as if write
permission based delegation took place at namespace boundaries -
writes to the resource control knobs from the namespace root are
denied and migration crossing the namespace boundary aren't allowed
from inside the namespace.
This allows cgroup namespace to function as a delegation boundary by
itself.
v2: Silently ignore nsdelegate specified on !init mounts.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Aravind Anbudurai <aru7@fb.com>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
|
|
The reference count in the css_set data structure was used as a
proxy of the number of tasks attached to that css_set. However, that
count is actually not an accurate measure especially with thread mode
support. So a new variable nr_tasks is added to the css_set to keep
track of the actual task count. This new variable is protected by
the css_set_lock. Functions that require the actual task count are
updated to use the new variable.
tj: s/task_count/nr_tasks/ for consistency with cgroup_root->nr_cgrps.
Refreshed on top of cgroup/for-v4.13 which dropped on
css_set_populated() -> nr_tasks conversion.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
The kill_css() function may be called more than once under the condition
that the css was killed but not physically removed yet followed by the
removal of the cgroup that is hosting the css. This patch prevents any
harmm from being done when that happens.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.5+
|
|
Various structures embed a struct cgroup_subsys_state, typically at
the top of the containing structure. It is common for code that
accesses the structures to perform operations that iterate over the
chain of parent css pointers, also accessing data in each containing
structure. In particular, struct cpuacct is used by fairly hot code
paths in the scheduler such as cpuacct_charge().
Move the parent css pointer field to the end of the structure to
increase the chances of residing in the same cache line as the data
from the containing structure.
Signed-off-by: Todd Poynor <toddpoynor@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
refcount_t type and corresponding API should be
used instead of atomic_t when the variable is used as
a reference counter. This allows to avoid accidental
refcounter overflows that might lead to use-after-free
situations.
Signed-off-by: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Hans Liljestrand <ishkamiel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dwindsor@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
threadgroup_change_begin()/end() is a pointless wrapper around
cgroup_threadgroup_change_begin()/end(), minus a might_sleep()
in the !CONFIG_CGROUPS=y case.
Remove the wrappery, move the might_sleep() (the down_read()
already has a might_sleep() check).
This debloats <linux/sched.h> a bit and simplifies this API.
Update all call sites.
No change in functionality.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
|
|
Reorder css_set fields so that they're roughly in the order of how hot
they are. The rough order is
1. the actual csses
2. reference counter and the default cgroup pointer.
3. task lists and iterations
4. fields used during merge including css_set lookup
5. the rest
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Acked-by: Zefan Li <lizefan@huawei.com>
|
|
Pipe the newly added kernfs->open/release() callbacks through cftype.
While at it, as cleanup operations now can be performed from
->release() instead of ->seq_stop(), make the latter optional.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Acked-by: Zefan Li <lizefan@huawei.com>
|
|
This patch adds two sets of eBPF program pointers to struct cgroup.
One for such that are directly pinned to a cgroup, and one for such
that are effective for it.
To illustrate the logic behind that, assume the following example
cgroup hierarchy.
A - B - C
\ D - E
If only B has a program attached, it will be effective for B, C, D
and E. If D then attaches a program itself, that will be effective for
both D and E, and the program in B will only affect B and C. Only one
program of a given type is effective for a cgroup.
Attaching and detaching programs will be done through the bpf(2)
syscall. For now, ingress and egress inet socket filtering are the
only supported use-cases.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Mack <daniel@zonque.org>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
|
|
cgroup_subsys->post_attach callback
Since e93ad19d0564 ("cpuset: make mm migration asynchronous"), cpuset
kicks off asynchronous NUMA node migration if necessary during task
migration and flushes it from cpuset_post_attach_flush() which is
called at the end of __cgroup_procs_write(). This is to avoid
performing migration with cgroup_threadgroup_rwsem write-locked which
can lead to deadlock through dependency on kworker creation.
memcg has a similar issue with charge moving, so let's convert it to
an official callback rather than the current one-off cpuset specific
function. This patch adds cgroup_subsys->post_attach callback and
makes cpuset register cpuset_post_attach_flush() as its ->post_attach.
The conversion is mostly one-to-one except that the new callback is
called under cgroup_mutex. This is to guarantee that no other
migration operations are started before ->post_attach callbacks are
finished. cgroup_mutex is one of the outermost mutex in the system
and has never been and shouldn't be a problem. We can add specialized
synchronization around __cgroup_procs_write() but I don't think
there's any noticeable benefit.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 4.4+ prerequisite for the next patch
|
|
Before 2e91fa7f6d45 ("cgroup: keep zombies associated with their
original cgroups"), all dead tasks were associated with init_css_set.
If a zombie task is requested for migration, while migration prep
operations would still be performed on init_css_set, the actual
migration would ignore zombie tasks. As init_css_set is always valid,
this worked fine.
However, after 2e91fa7f6d45, zombie tasks stay with the css_set it was
associated with at the time of death. Let's say a task T associated
with cgroup A on hierarchy H-1 and cgroup B on hiearchy H-2. After T
becomes a zombie, it would still remain associated with A and B. If A
only contains zombie tasks, it can be removed. On removal, A gets
marked offline but stays pinned until all zombies are drained. At
this point, if migration is initiated on T to a cgroup C on hierarchy
H-2, migration path would try to prepare T's css_set for migration and
trigger the following.
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1576 at kernel/cgroup.c:474 cgroup_get+0x121/0x160()
CPU: 0 PID: 1576 Comm: bash Not tainted 4.4.0-work+ #289
...
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff8127e63c>] dump_stack+0x4e/0x82
[<ffffffff810445e8>] warn_slowpath_common+0x78/0xb0
[<ffffffff810446d5>] warn_slowpath_null+0x15/0x20
[<ffffffff810c33e1>] cgroup_get+0x121/0x160
[<ffffffff810c349b>] link_css_set+0x7b/0x90
[<ffffffff810c4fbc>] find_css_set+0x3bc/0x5e0
[<ffffffff810c5269>] cgroup_migrate_prepare_dst+0x89/0x1f0
[<ffffffff810c7547>] cgroup_attach_task+0x157/0x230
[<ffffffff810c7a17>] __cgroup_procs_write+0x2b7/0x470
[<ffffffff810c7bdc>] cgroup_tasks_write+0xc/0x10
[<ffffffff810c4790>] cgroup_file_write+0x30/0x1b0
[<ffffffff811c68fc>] kernfs_fop_write+0x13c/0x180
[<ffffffff81151673>] __vfs_write+0x23/0xe0
[<ffffffff81152494>] vfs_write+0xa4/0x1a0
[<ffffffff811532d4>] SyS_write+0x44/0xa0
[<ffffffff814af2d7>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x12/0x6f
It doesn't make sense to prepare migration for css_sets pointing to
dead cgroups as they are guaranteed to contain only zombies which are
ignored later during migration. This patch makes cgroup destruction
path mark all affected css_sets as dead and updates the migration path
to ignore them during preparation.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Fixes: 2e91fa7f6d45 ("cgroup: keep zombies associated with their original cgroups")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.4+
|
|
Some controllers, perf_event for now and possibly freezer in the
future, don't really make sense to control explicitly through
"cgroup.subtree_control". For example, the primary role of perf_event
is identifying the cgroups of tasks; however, because the controller
also keeps a small amount of state per cgroup, it can't be replaced
with simple cgroup membership tests.
This patch implements cgroup_subsys->implicit_on_dfl flag. When set,
the controller is implicitly enabled on all cgroups on the v2
hierarchy so that utility type controllers such as perf_event can be
enabled and function transparently.
An implicit controller doesn't show up in "cgroup.controllers" or
"cgroup.subtree_control", is exempt from no internal process rule and
can be stolen from the default hierarchy even if there are non-root
csses.
v2: Reimplemented on top of the recent updates to css handling and
subsystem rebinding. Rebinding implicit subsystems is now a
simple matter of exempting it from the busy subsystem check.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
Migration can be multi-target on the default hierarchy when a
controller is enabled - processes belonging to each child cgroup have
to be moved to the child cgroup itself to refresh css association.
This isn't a problem for cgroup_migrate_add_src() as each source
css_set still maps to single source and target cgroups; however,
cgroup_migrate_prepare_dst() is called once after all source css_sets
are added and thus might not have a single destination cgroup. This
is currently worked around by specifying NULL for @dst_cgrp and using
the source's default cgroup as destination as the only multi-target
migration in use is self-targetting. While this works, it's subtle
and clunky.
As all taget cgroups are already specified while preparing the source
css_sets, this clunkiness can easily be removed by recording the
target cgroup in each source css_set. This patch adds
css_set->mg_dst_cgrp which is recorded on cgroup_migrate_src() and
used by cgroup_migrate_prepare_dst(). This also makes migration code
ready for arbitrary multi-target migration.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
|
|
While controllers are being enabled and disabled in
cgroup_subtree_control_write(), the original subsystem masks are
stashed in local variables so that they can be restored if the
operation fails in the middle.
This patch adds dedicated fields to struct cgroup to be used instead
of the local variables and implements functions to stash the current
values, propagate the changes and restore them recursively. Combined
with the previous changes, this makes subsystem management operations
fully recursive and modularlized. This will be used to expand cgroup
core functionalities.
While at it, remove now unused @css_enable and @css_disable from
cgroup_subtree_control_write().
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Zefan Li <lizefan@huawei.com>
|
|
Currently, whether a css (cgroup_subsys_state) has its interface files
created is not tracked and assumed to change together with the owning
cgroup's lifecycle. cgroup directory and interface creation is being
separated out from internal object creation to help refactoring and
eventually allow cgroups which are not visible through cgroupfs.
This patch adds CSS_VISIBLE to track whether a css has its interface
files created and perform management operations only when necessary
which helps decoupling interface file handling from internal object
lifecycle. After this patch, all css interface file management
functions can be called regardless of the current state and will
achieve the expected result.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Zefan Li <lizefan@huawei.com>
|
Mauro Carvalho Chehab
Linus Torvalds
Jens Axboe
Angelo Ruocco
Chris Down
Tejun Heo
Roman Gushchin
Johannes Weiner
Oleg Nesterov
Waiman Long
Josef Bacik
Eric Dumazet
Matt Roper
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Todd Poynor
Elena Reshetova
Ingo Molnar
Daniel Mack