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-# engine/__init__.py
-# Copyright (C) 2005-2011 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
-#
-# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
-"""SQL connections, SQL execution and high-level DB-API interface.
-
-The engine package defines the basic components used to interface
-DB-API modules with higher-level statement construction,
-connection-management, execution and result contexts. The primary
-"entry point" class into this package is the Engine and it's public
-constructor ``create_engine()``.
-
-This package includes:
-
-base.py
- Defines interface classes and some implementation classes which
- comprise the basic components used to interface between a DB-API,
- constructed and plain-text statements, connections, transactions,
- and results.
-
-default.py
- Contains default implementations of some of the components defined
- in base.py. All current database dialects use the classes in
- default.py as base classes for their own database-specific
- implementations.
-
-strategies.py
- The mechanics of constructing ``Engine`` objects are represented
- here. Defines the ``EngineStrategy`` class which represents how
- to go from arguments specified to the ``create_engine()``
- function, to a fully constructed ``Engine``, including
- initialization of connection pooling, dialects, and specific
- subclasses of ``Engine``.
-
-threadlocal.py
- The ``TLEngine`` class is defined here, which is a subclass of
- the generic ``Engine`` and tracks ``Connection`` and
- ``Transaction`` objects against the identity of the current
- thread. This allows certain programming patterns based around
- the concept of a "thread-local connection" to be possible.
- The ``TLEngine`` is created by using the "threadlocal" engine
- strategy in conjunction with the ``create_engine()`` function.
-
-url.py
- Defines the ``URL`` class which represents the individual
- components of a string URL passed to ``create_engine()``. Also
- defines a basic module-loading strategy for the dialect specifier
- within a URL.
-"""
-
-# not sure what this was used for
-#import sqlalchemy.databases
-
-from sqlalchemy.engine.base import (
- BufferedColumnResultProxy,
- BufferedColumnRow,
- BufferedRowResultProxy,
- Compiled,
- Connectable,
- Connection,
- Dialect,
- Engine,
- ExecutionContext,
- NestedTransaction,
- ResultProxy,
- RootTransaction,
- RowProxy,
- Transaction,
- TwoPhaseTransaction,
- TypeCompiler
- )
-from sqlalchemy.engine import strategies
-from sqlalchemy import util
-
-
-__all__ = (
- 'BufferedColumnResultProxy',
- 'BufferedColumnRow',
- 'BufferedRowResultProxy',
- 'Compiled',
- 'Connectable',
- 'Connection',
- 'Dialect',
- 'Engine',
- 'ExecutionContext',
- 'NestedTransaction',
- 'ResultProxy',
- 'RootTransaction',
- 'RowProxy',
- 'Transaction',
- 'TwoPhaseTransaction',
- 'TypeCompiler',
- 'create_engine',
- 'engine_from_config',
- )
-
-
-default_strategy = 'plain'
-def create_engine(*args, **kwargs):
- """Create a new Engine instance.
-
- The standard method of specifying the engine is via URL as the
- first positional argument, to indicate the appropriate database
- dialect and connection arguments, with additional keyword
- arguments sent as options to the dialect and resulting Engine.
-
- The URL is a string in the form
- ``dialect+driver://user:password@host/dbname[?key=value..]``, where
- ``dialect`` is a database name such as ``mysql``, ``oracle``,
- ``postgresql``, etc., and ``driver`` the name of a DBAPI, such as
- ``psycopg2``, ``pyodbc``, ``cx_oracle``, etc. Alternatively,
- the URL can be an instance of :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`.
-
- `**kwargs` takes a wide variety of options which are routed
- towards their appropriate components. Arguments may be
- specific to the Engine, the underlying Dialect, as well as the
- Pool. Specific dialects also accept keyword arguments that
- are unique to that dialect. Here, we describe the parameters
- that are common to most ``create_engine()`` usage.
-
- :param assert_unicode: Deprecated. A warning is raised in all cases when a non-Unicode
- object is passed when SQLAlchemy would coerce into an encoding
- (note: but **not** when the DBAPI handles unicode objects natively).
- To suppress or raise this warning to an
- error, use the Python warnings filter documented at:
- http://docs.python.org/library/warnings.html
-
- :param connect_args: a dictionary of options which will be
- passed directly to the DBAPI's ``connect()`` method as
- additional keyword arguments.
-
- :param convert_unicode=False: if set to True, all
- String/character based types will convert Python Unicode values to raw
- byte values sent to the DBAPI as bind parameters, and all raw byte values to
- Python Unicode coming out in result sets. This is an
- engine-wide method to provide Unicode conversion across the
- board for those DBAPIs that do not accept Python Unicode objects
- as input. For Unicode conversion on a column-by-column level, use
- the ``Unicode`` column type instead, described in :ref:`types_toplevel`. Note that
- many DBAPIs have the ability to return Python Unicode objects in
- result sets directly - SQLAlchemy will use these modes of operation
- if possible and will also attempt to detect "Unicode returns"
- behavior by the DBAPI upon first connect by the
- :class:`.Engine`. When this is detected, string values in
- result sets are passed through without further processing.
-
- :param creator: a callable which returns a DBAPI connection.
- This creation function will be passed to the underlying
- connection pool and will be used to create all new database
- connections. Usage of this function causes connection
- parameters specified in the URL argument to be bypassed.
-
- :param echo=False: if True, the Engine will log all statements
- as well as a repr() of their parameter lists to the engines
- logger, which defaults to sys.stdout. The ``echo`` attribute of
- ``Engine`` can be modified at any time to turn logging on and
- off. If set to the string ``"debug"``, result rows will be
- printed to the standard output as well. This flag ultimately
- controls a Python logger; see :ref:`dbengine_logging` for
- information on how to configure logging directly.
-
- :param echo_pool=False: if True, the connection pool will log
- all checkouts/checkins to the logging stream, which defaults to
- sys.stdout. This flag ultimately controls a Python logger; see
- :ref:`dbengine_logging` for information on how to configure logging
- directly.
-
- :param encoding='utf-8': the encoding to use for all Unicode
- translations, both by engine-wide unicode conversion as well as
- the ``Unicode`` type object.
-
- :param execution_options: Dictionary execution options which will
- be applied to all connections. See
- :meth:`~sqlalchemy.engine.base.Connection.execution_options`
-
- :param implicit_returning=True: When ``True``, a RETURNING-
- compatible construct, if available, will be used to
- fetch newly generated primary key values when a single row
- INSERT statement is emitted with no existing returning()
- clause. This applies to those backends which support RETURNING
- or a compatible construct, including Postgresql, Firebird, Oracle,
- Microsoft SQL Server. Set this to ``False`` to disable
- the automatic usage of RETURNING.
-
- :param label_length=None: optional integer value which limits
- the size of dynamically generated column labels to that many
- characters. If less than 6, labels are generated as
- "_(counter)". If ``None``, the value of
- ``dialect.max_identifier_length`` is used instead.
-
- :param listeners: A list of one or more
- :class:`~sqlalchemy.interfaces.PoolListener` objects which will
- receive connection pool events.
-
- :param logging_name: String identifier which will be used within
- the "name" field of logging records generated within the
- "sqlalchemy.engine" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the
- object's id.
-
- :param max_overflow=10: the number of connections to allow in
- connection pool "overflow", that is connections that can be
- opened above and beyond the pool_size setting, which defaults
- to five. this is only used with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
-
- :param module=None: reference to a Python module object (the module itself, not
- its string name). Specifies an alternate DBAPI module to be used
- by the engine's dialect. Each sub-dialect references a specific DBAPI which
- will be imported before first connect. This parameter causes the
- import to be bypassed, and the given module to be used instead.
- Can be used for testing of DBAPIs as well as to inject "mock"
- DBAPI implementations into the :class:`.Engine`.
-
- :param pool=None: an already-constructed instance of
- :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`, such as a
- :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` instance. If non-None, this
- pool will be used directly as the underlying connection pool
- for the engine, bypassing whatever connection parameters are
- present in the URL argument. For information on constructing
- connection pools manually, see :ref:`pooling_toplevel`.
-
- :param poolclass=None: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`
- subclass, which will be used to create a connection pool
- instance using the connection parameters given in the URL. Note
- this differs from ``pool`` in that you don't actually
- instantiate the pool in this case, you just indicate what type
- of pool to be used.
-
- :param pool_logging_name: String identifier which will be used within
- the "name" field of logging records generated within the
- "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
- id.
-
- :param pool_size=5: the number of connections to keep open
- inside the connection pool. This used with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` as
- well as :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.SingletonThreadPool`. With
- :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`, a ``pool_size`` setting
- of 0 indicates no limit; to disable pooling, set ``poolclass`` to
- :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool` instead.
-
- :param pool_recycle=-1: this setting causes the pool to recycle
- connections after the given number of seconds has passed. It
- defaults to -1, or no timeout. For example, setting to 3600
- means connections will be recycled after one hour. Note that
- MySQL in particular will disconnect automatically if no
- activity is detected on a connection for eight hours (although
- this is configurable with the MySQLDB connection itself and the
- server configuration as well).
-
- :param pool_timeout=30: number of seconds to wait before giving
- up on getting a connection from the pool. This is only used
- with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
-
- :param strategy='plain': selects alternate engine implementations.
- Currently available is the ``threadlocal``
- strategy, which is described in :ref:`threadlocal_strategy`.
-
- """
-
- strategy = kwargs.pop('strategy', default_strategy)
- strategy = strategies.strategies[strategy]
- return strategy.create(*args, **kwargs)
-
-def engine_from_config(configuration, prefix='sqlalchemy.', **kwargs):
- """Create a new Engine instance using a configuration dictionary.
-
- The dictionary is typically produced from a config file where keys
- are prefixed, such as sqlalchemy.url, sqlalchemy.echo, etc. The
- 'prefix' argument indicates the prefix to be searched for.
-
- A select set of keyword arguments will be "coerced" to their
- expected type based on string values. In a future release, this
- functionality will be expanded and include dialect-specific
- arguments.
- """
-
- opts = _coerce_config(configuration, prefix)
- opts.update(kwargs)
- url = opts.pop('url')
- return create_engine(url, **opts)
-
-def _coerce_config(configuration, prefix):
- """Convert configuration values to expected types."""
-
- options = dict((key[len(prefix):], configuration[key])
- for key in configuration
- if key.startswith(prefix))
- for option, type_ in (
- ('convert_unicode', util.bool_or_str('force')),
- ('pool_timeout', int),
- ('echo', util.bool_or_str('debug')),
- ('echo_pool', util.bool_or_str('debug')),
- ('pool_recycle', int),
- ('pool_size', int),
- ('max_overflow', int),
- ('pool_threadlocal', bool),
- ('use_native_unicode', bool),
- ):
- util.coerce_kw_type(options, option, type_)
- return options