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-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX34
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg499
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg695
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg741
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntickCB.svg834
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html204
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/blkd_task.svg676
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html15
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html388
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt49
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt4
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt20
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt73
14 files changed, 883 insertions, 3351 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX b/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX
deleted file mode 100644
index f46980c060aa..000000000000
--- a/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-00-INDEX
- - This file
-arrayRCU.txt
- - Using RCU to Protect Read-Mostly Arrays
-checklist.txt
- - Review Checklist for RCU Patches
-listRCU.txt
- - Using RCU to Protect Read-Mostly Linked Lists
-lockdep.txt
- - RCU and lockdep checking
-lockdep-splat.txt
- - RCU Lockdep splats explained.
-NMI-RCU.txt
- - Using RCU to Protect Dynamic NMI Handlers
-rcu_dereference.txt
- - Proper care and feeding of return values from rcu_dereference()
-rcubarrier.txt
- - RCU and Unloadable Modules
-rculist_nulls.txt
- - RCU list primitives for use with SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU
-rcuref.txt
- - Reference-count design for elements of lists/arrays protected by RCU
-rcu.txt
- - RCU Concepts
-RTFP.txt
- - List of RCU papers (bibliography) going back to 1980.
-stallwarn.txt
- - RCU CPU stall warnings (module parameter rcu_cpu_stall_suppress)
-torture.txt
- - RCU Torture Test Operation (CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST)
-UP.txt
- - RCU on Uniprocessor Systems
-whatisRCU.txt
- - What is RCU?
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deleted file mode 100644
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diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
index f5120a00f511..18f179807563 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ to each other.
The <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> Structure</a>
<li> <a href="#The rcu_data Structure">
The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a>
-<li> <a href="#The rcu_dynticks Structure">
- The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a>
<li> <a href="#The rcu_head Structure">
The <tt>rcu_head</tt> Structure</a>
<li> <a href="#RCU-Specific Fields in the task_struct Structure">
@@ -127,9 +125,11 @@ CPUs, RCU would configure the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree as follows:
</p><p>RCU currently permits up to a four-level tree, which on a 64-bit system
accommodates up to 4,194,304 CPUs, though only a mere 524,288 CPUs for
32-bit systems.
-On the other hand, you can set <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> to be
-as small as 2 if you wish, which would permit only 16 CPUs, which
-is useful for testing.
+On the other hand, you can set both <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> and
+<tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_LEAF</tt> to be as small as 2, which would result
+in a 16-CPU test using a 4-level tree.
+This can be useful for testing large-system capabilities on small test
+machines.
</p><p>This multi-level combining tree allows us to get most of the
performance and scalability
@@ -154,44 +154,9 @@ on that root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure remains acceptably low.
keeping lock contention under control at all tree levels regardless
of the level of loading on the system.
-</p><p>The Linux kernel actually supports multiple flavors of RCU
-running concurrently, so RCU builds separate data structures for each
-flavor.
-For example, for <tt>CONFIG_TREE_RCU=y</tt> kernels, RCU provides
-rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below:
-
-</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" width="33%">
-
-</p><p>Energy efficiency is increasingly important, and for that
-reason the Linux kernel provides <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>, which
-turns off the scheduling-clock interrupts on idle CPUs, which in
-turn allows those CPUs to attain deeper sleep states and to consume
-less energy.
-CPUs whose scheduling-clock interrupts have been turned off are
-said to be in <i>dyntick-idle mode</i>.
-RCU must handle dyntick-idle CPUs specially
-because RCU would otherwise wake up each CPU on every grace period,
-which would defeat the whole purpose of <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>.
-RCU uses the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure to track
-which CPUs are in dyntick idle mode, as shown below:
-
-</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="33%">
-
-</p><p>However, if a CPU is in dyntick-idle mode, it is in that mode
-for all flavors of RCU.
-Therefore, a single <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure is allocated per
-CPU, and all of a given CPU's <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures share
-that <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>, as shown in the figure.
-
-</p><p>Kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU</tt> support
-rcu_preempt in addition to rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below:
-
-</p><p><img src="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="35%">
-
</p><p>RCU updaters wait for normal grace periods by registering
RCU callbacks, either directly via <tt>call_rcu()</tt> and
friends (namely <tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt> and <tt>call_rcu_sched()</tt>),
-there being a separate interface per flavor of RCU)
or indirectly via <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and friends.
RCU callbacks are represented by <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures,
which are queued on <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures while they are
@@ -214,9 +179,6 @@ its own synchronization:
<li> Each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure has a spinlock.
<li> The fields in <tt>rcu_data</tt> are private to the corresponding
CPU, although a few can be read and written by other CPUs.
-<li> Similarly, the fields in <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> are private
- to the corresponding CPU, although a few can be read by
- other CPUs.
</ol>
<p>It is important to note that different data structures can have
@@ -272,11 +234,6 @@ follows:
access to this information from the corresponding CPU.
Finally, this structure records past dyntick-idle state
for the corresponding CPU and also tracks statistics.
-<li> <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>:
- This per-CPU structure tracks the current dyntick-idle
- state for the corresponding CPU.
- Unlike the other three structures, the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>
- structure is not replicated per RCU flavor.
<li> <tt>rcu_head</tt>:
This structure represents RCU callbacks, and is the
only structure allocated and managed by RCU users.
@@ -287,14 +244,14 @@ follows:
<p>If all you wanted from this article was a general notion of how
RCU's data structures are related, you are done.
Otherwise, each of the following sections give more details on
-the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt>, <tt>rcu_data</tt>,
-and <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> data structures.
+the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> data
+structures.
<h3><a name="The rcu_state Structure">
The <tt>rcu_state</tt> Structure</a></h3>
<p>The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure is the base structure that
-represents a flavor of RCU.
+represents the state of RCU in the system.
This structure forms the interconnection between the
<tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures,
tracks grace periods, contains the lock used to
@@ -389,7 +346,7 @@ sequence number.
The bottom two bits are the state of the current grace period,
which can be zero for not yet started or one for in progress.
In other words, if the bottom two bits of <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> are
-zero, the corresponding flavor of RCU is idle.
+zero, then RCU is idle.
Any other value in the bottom two bits indicates that something is broken.
This field is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's
<tt>-&gt;lock</tt> field.
@@ -419,10 +376,10 @@ as follows:
grace period in jiffies.
It is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>'s <tt>-&gt;lock</tt>.
-<p>The <tt>-&gt;name</tt> field points to the name of the RCU flavor
-(for example, &ldquo;rcu_sched&rdquo;), and is constant.
-The <tt>-&gt;abbr</tt> field contains a one-character abbreviation,
-for example, &ldquo;s&rdquo; for RCU-sched.
+<p>The <tt>-&gt;name</tt> and <tt>-&gt;abbr</tt> fields distinguish
+between preemptible RCU (&ldquo;rcu_preempt&rdquo; and &ldquo;p&rdquo;)
+and non-preemptible RCU (&ldquo;rcu_sched&rdquo; and &ldquo;s&rdquo;).
+These fields are used for diagnostic and tracing purposes.
<h3><a name="The rcu_node Structure">
The <tt>rcu_node</tt> Structure</a></h3>
@@ -971,25 +928,31 @@ this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure, <i>not</i> the <tt>-&gt;head</tt>
pointer.
The reason for this is that all the ready-to-invoke callbacks
(that is, those in the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment) are extracted
-all at once at callback-invocation time.
+all at once at callback-invocation time (<tt>rcu_do_batch</tt>), due
+to which <tt>-&gt;head</tt> may be set to NULL if there are no not-done
+callbacks remaining in the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt>.
If callback invocation must be postponed, for example, because a
high-priority process just woke up on this CPU, then the remaining
-callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment.
-Either way, the <tt>-&gt;len</tt> and <tt>-&gt;len_lazy</tt> counts
-are adjusted after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked, and so
-again it is the <tt>-&gt;len</tt> count that accurately reflects whether
-or not there are callbacks associated with this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt>
-structure.
+callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment and
+<tt>-&gt;head</tt> once again points to the start of the segment.
+In short, the head field can briefly be <tt>NULL</tt> even though the
+CPU has callbacks present the entire time.
+Therefore, it is not appropriate to test the <tt>-&gt;head</tt> pointer
+for <tt>NULL</tt>.
+
+<p>In contrast, the <tt>-&gt;len</tt> and <tt>-&gt;len_lazy</tt> counts
+are adjusted only after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked.
+This means that the <tt>-&gt;len</tt> count is zero only if
+the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure really is devoid of callbacks.
Of course, off-CPU sampling of the <tt>-&gt;len</tt> count requires
-the use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers.
+careful use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers.
This synchronization can be a bit subtle, particularly in the case
of <tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>.
<h3><a name="The rcu_data Structure">
The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a></h3>
-<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the
-corresponding flavor of RCU.
+<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the RCU subsystem.
The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding
CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated.
This structure is the
@@ -1015,30 +978,19 @@ as follows:
<pre>
1 int cpu;
- 2 struct rcu_state *rsp;
- 3 struct rcu_node *mynode;
- 4 struct rcu_dynticks *dynticks;
- 5 unsigned long grpmask;
- 6 bool beenonline;
+ 2 struct rcu_node *mynode;
+ 3 unsigned long grpmask;
+ 4 bool beenonline;
</pre>
<p>The <tt>-&gt;cpu</tt> field contains the number of the
-corresponding CPU, the <tt>-&gt;rsp</tt> pointer references
-the corresponding <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure (and is most frequently
-used to locate the name of the corresponding flavor of RCU for tracing),
-and the <tt>-&gt;mynode</tt> field references the corresponding
-<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
+corresponding CPU and the <tt>-&gt;mynode</tt> field references the
+corresponding <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
The <tt>-&gt;mynode</tt> is used to propagate quiescent states
up the combining tree.
-<p>The <tt>-&gt;dynticks</tt> pointer references the
-<tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure corresponding to this
-CPU.
-Recall that a single per-CPU instance of the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>
-structure is shared among all flavors of RCU.
-These first four fields are constant and therefore require not
-synchronization.
+These two fields are constant and therefore do not require synchronization.
-</p><p>The <tt>-&gt;grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in
+<p>The <tt>-&gt;grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in
the <tt>-&gt;mynode-&gt;qsmask</tt> corresponding to this
<tt>rcu_data</tt> structure, and is also used when propagating
quiescent states.
@@ -1057,12 +1009,12 @@ as follows:
3 bool cpu_no_qs;
4 bool core_needs_qs;
5 bool gpwrap;
- 6 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr_snap;
</pre>
-<p>The <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> and <tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt>
-fields are the counterparts of the fields of the same name
-in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
+<p>The <tt>-&gt;gp_seq</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same
+name in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures. The
+<tt>-&gt;gp_seq_needed</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same
+name in the rcu_node</tt> structure.
They may each lag up to one behind their <tt>rcu_node</tt>
counterparts, but in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> and
<tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL</tt> kernels can lag
@@ -1103,10 +1055,6 @@ CPU has remained idle for so long that the
<tt>gp_seq</tt> counter is in danger of overflow, which
will cause the CPU to disregard the values of its counters on
its next exit from idle.
-Finally, the <tt>rcu_qs_ctr_snap</tt> field is used to detect
-cases where a given operation has resulted in a quiescent state
-for all flavors of RCU, for example, <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
-when RCU has indicated a need for quiescent states.
<h5>RCU Callback Handling</h5>
@@ -1179,26 +1127,22 @@ Finally, the <tt>-&gt;dynticks_fqs</tt> field is used to
count the number of times this CPU is determined to be in
dyntick-idle state, and is used for tracing and debugging purposes.
-<h3><a name="The rcu_dynticks Structure">
-The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a></h3>
-
-<p>The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> maintains the per-CPU dyntick-idle state
-for the corresponding CPU.
-Unlike the other structures, <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> is not
-replicated over the different flavors of RCU.
-The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding
-CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated.
-Its fields are as follows:
+<p>
+This portion of the rcu_data structure is declared as follows:
<pre>
1 long dynticks_nesting;
2 long dynticks_nmi_nesting;
3 atomic_t dynticks;
4 bool rcu_need_heavy_qs;
- 5 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr;
- 6 bool rcu_urgent_qs;
+ 5 bool rcu_urgent_qs;
</pre>
+<p>These fields in the rcu_data structure maintain the per-CPU dyntick-idle
+state for the corresponding CPU.
+The fields may be accessed only from the corresponding CPU (and from tracing)
+unless otherwise stated.
+
<p>The <tt>-&gt;dynticks_nesting</tt> field counts the
nesting depth of process execution, so that in normal circumstances
this counter has value zero or one.
@@ -1227,9 +1171,11 @@ to overflow the counter, this approach corrects the
CPU enters the idle loop from process context.
</p><p>The <tt>-&gt;dynticks</tt> field counts the corresponding
-CPU's transitions to and from dyntick-idle mode, so that this counter
-has an even value when the CPU is in dyntick-idle mode and an odd
-value otherwise.
+CPU's transitions to and from either dyntick-idle or user mode, so
+that this counter has an even value when the CPU is in dyntick-idle
+mode or user mode and an odd value otherwise. The transitions to/from
+user mode need to be counted for user mode adaptive-ticks support
+(see timers/NO_HZ.txt).
</p><p>The <tt>-&gt;rcu_need_heavy_qs</tt> field is used
to record the fact that the RCU core code would really like to
@@ -1238,19 +1184,12 @@ it is willing to call for heavy-weight dyntick-counter operations.
This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
code, which provide a momentary idle sojourn in response.
-</p><p>The <tt>-&gt;rcu_qs_ctr</tt> field is used to record
-quiescent states from <tt>cond_resched()</tt>.
-Because <tt>cond_resched()</tt> can execute quite frequently, this
-must be quite lightweight, as in a non-atomic increment of this
-per-CPU field.
-
</p><p>Finally, the <tt>-&gt;rcu_urgent_qs</tt> field is used to record
-the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent
-state from the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating
-just how badly RCU wants this quiescent state.
-This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
-code, which, if nothing else, non-atomically increment <tt>-&gt;rcu_qs_ctr</tt>
-in response.
+the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent state from
+the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating just how badly
+RCU wants this quiescent state.
+This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch path
+(<tt>rcu_note_context_switch</tt>) and the cond_resched code.
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
@@ -1372,8 +1311,7 @@ that is, if the CPU is currently idle.
Accessor Functions</a></h3>
<p>The following listing shows the
-<tt>rcu_get_root()</tt>, <tt>rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first</tt>,
-<tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt>, and
+<tt>rcu_get_root()</tt>, <tt>rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first</tt> and
<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> function and macros:
<pre>
@@ -1386,13 +1324,9 @@ Accessor Functions</a></h3>
7 for ((rnp) = &amp;(rsp)-&gt;node[0]; \
8 (rnp) &lt; &amp;(rsp)-&gt;node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
9
- 10 #define rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first(rsp, rnp) \
- 11 for ((rnp) = &amp;(rsp)-&gt;node[0]; \
- 12 (rnp) &lt; (rsp)-&gt;level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; (rnp)++)
- 13
- 14 #define rcu_for_each_leaf_node(rsp, rnp) \
- 15 for ((rnp) = (rsp)-&gt;level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
- 16 (rnp) &lt; &amp;(rsp)-&gt;node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
+ 10 #define rcu_for_each_leaf_node(rsp, rnp) \
+ 11 for ((rnp) = (rsp)-&gt;level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
+ 12 (rnp) &lt; &amp;(rsp)-&gt;node[NUM_RCU_NODES]; (rnp)++)
</pre>
<p>The <tt>rcu_get_root()</tt> simply returns a pointer to the
@@ -1405,10 +1339,7 @@ macro takes advantage of the layout of the <tt>rcu_node</tt>
structures in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
<tt>-&gt;node[]</tt> array, performing a breadth-first traversal by
simply traversing the array in order.
-The <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> macro operates
-similarly, but traverses only the first part of the array, thus excluding
-the leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
-Finally, the <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> macro traverses only
+Similarly, the <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> macro traverses only
the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures.
@@ -1416,15 +1347,14 @@ the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
- What do <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> and
+ What does
<tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> do if the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree
contains only a single node?
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
In the single-node case,
- <tt>rcu_for_each_nonleaf_node_breadth_first()</tt> is a no-op
- and <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> traverses the single node.
+ <tt>rcu_for_each_leaf_node()</tt> traverses the single node.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -1432,11 +1362,11 @@ the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf
<h3><a name="Summary">
Summary</a></h3>
-So each flavor of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure,
+So the state of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure,
which contains a combining tree of <tt>rcu_node</tt> and
<tt>rcu_data</tt> structures.
Finally, in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> kernels, each CPU's dyntick-idle
-state is tracked by an <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure.
+state is tracked by dynticks-related fields in the <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure.
If you made it this far, you are well prepared to read the code
walkthroughs in the other articles in this series.
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+ x="7523.7578"
+ y="6985.7236"
font-style="normal"
font-weight="bold"
font-size="192"
- text-anchor="start"
- id="text206">exp_tasks</text>
+ id="text206"
+ style="font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;font-size:192px;font-family:Courier;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000">exp_tasks</text>
</g>
</svg>
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html
index 7394f034be65..8e4f873b979f 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@ high efficiency and minimal disturbance, expedited grace periods accept
lower efficiency and significant disturbance to attain shorter latencies.
<p>
-There are three flavors of RCU (RCU-bh, RCU-preempt, and RCU-sched),
-but only two flavors of expedited grace periods because the RCU-bh
-expedited grace period maps onto the RCU-sched expedited grace period.
-Each of the remaining two implementations is covered in its own section.
+There are two flavors of RCU (RCU-preempt and RCU-sched), with an earlier
+third RCU-bh flavor having been implemented in terms of the other two.
+Each of the two implementations is covered in its own section.
<ol>
<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Design">
@@ -158,12 +157,12 @@ whether or not the current CPU is in an RCU read-side critical section.
The best that <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check
for idle, on the off-chance that the CPU went idle while the IPI
was in flight.
-If the CPU is idle, then tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> reports
+If the CPU is idle, then <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> reports
the quiescent state.
-<p>
-Otherwise, the handler invokes <tt>resched_cpu()</tt>, which forces
-a future context switch.
+<p> Otherwise, the handler forces a future context switch by setting the
+NEED_RESCHED flag of the current task's thread flag and the CPU preempt
+counter.
At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the quiescent state.
Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the quiescent state
at that time.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html
index a346ce0116eb..e4d94fba6c89 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The key point is that the lock-acquisition functions, including
<tt>smp_mb__after_unlock_lock()</tt> immediately after successful
acquisition of the lock.
-<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> struction, any access
+<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure, any access
happening before one of the above lock-release functions will be seen
by all CPUs as happening before any access happening after a later
one of the above lock-acquisition functions.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
index 49690228b1c6..9fca73e03a98 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
@@ -900,8 +900,6 @@ Except where otherwise noted, these non-guarantees were premeditated.
Grace Periods Don't Partition Read-Side Critical Sections</a>
<li> <a href="#Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods">
Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods</a>
-<li> <a href="#Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods">
- Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a>
</ol>
<h3><a name="Readers Impose Minimal Ordering">Readers Impose Minimal Ordering</a></h3>
@@ -1259,56 +1257,6 @@ of RCU grace periods.
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
-<h3><a name="Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods">
-Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-There was a time when disabling preemption on any given CPU would block
-subsequent grace periods.
-However, this was an accident of implementation and is not a requirement.
-And in the current Linux-kernel implementation, disabling preemption
-on a given CPU in fact does not block grace periods, as Oleg Nesterov
-<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/20150614193825.GA19582@redhat.com">demonstrated</a>.
-
-<p>
-If you need a preempt-disable region to block grace periods, you need to add
-<tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, for example
-as follows:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 preempt_disable();
- 2 rcu_read_lock();
- 3 do_something();
- 4 rcu_read_unlock();
- 5 preempt_enable();
- 6
- 7 /* Spinlocks implicitly disable preemption. */
- 8 spin_lock(&amp;mylock);
- 9 rcu_read_lock();
-10 do_something();
-11 rcu_read_unlock();
-12 spin_unlock(&amp;mylock);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-In theory, you could enter the RCU read-side critical section first,
-but it is more efficient to keep the entire RCU read-side critical
-section contained in the preempt-disable region as shown above.
-Of course, RCU read-side critical sections that extend outside of
-preempt-disable regions will work correctly, but such critical sections
-can be preempted, which forces <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> to do
-more work.
-And no, this is <i>not</i> an invitation to enclose all of your RCU
-read-side critical sections within preempt-disable regions, because
-doing so would degrade real-time response.
-
-<p>
-This non-requirement appeared with preemptible RCU.
-If you need a grace period that waits on non-preemptible code regions, use
-<a href="#Sched Flavor">RCU-sched</a>.
-
<h2><a name="Parallelism Facts of Life">Parallelism Facts of Life</a></h2>
<p>
@@ -1383,6 +1331,7 @@ Classes of quality-of-implementation requirements are as follows:
<ol>
<li> <a href="#Specialization">Specialization</a>
<li> <a href="#Performance and Scalability">Performance and Scalability</a>
+<li> <a href="#Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a>
<li> <a href="#Composability">Composability</a>
<li> <a href="#Corner Cases">Corner Cases</a>
</ol>
@@ -1647,7 +1596,7 @@ used in place of <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> as follows:
16 struct foo *p;
17
18 spin_lock(&amp;gp_lock);
-19 p = rcu_dereference(gp);
+19 p = rcu_access_pointer(gp);
20 if (!p) {
21 spin_unlock(&amp;gp_lock);
22 return false;
@@ -1824,6 +1773,106 @@ so it is too early to tell whether they will stand the test of time.
RCU thus provides a range of tools to allow updaters to strike the
required tradeoff between latency, flexibility and CPU overhead.
+<h3><a name="Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+In theory, delaying grace-period completion and callback invocation
+is harmless.
+In practice, not only are memory sizes finite but also callbacks sometimes
+do wakeups, and sufficiently deferred wakeups can be difficult
+to distinguish from system hangs.
+Therefore, RCU must provide a number of mechanisms to promote forward
+progress.
+
+<p>
+These mechanisms are not foolproof, nor can they be.
+For one simple example, an infinite loop in an RCU read-side critical
+section must by definition prevent later grace periods from ever completing.
+For a more involved example, consider a 64-CPU system built with
+<tt>CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y</tt> and booted with <tt>rcu_nocbs=1-63</tt>,
+where CPUs&nbsp;1 through&nbsp;63 spin in tight loops that invoke
+<tt>call_rcu()</tt>.
+Even if these tight loops also contain calls to <tt>cond_resched()</tt>
+(thus allowing grace periods to complete), CPU&nbsp;0 simply will
+not be able to invoke callbacks as fast as the other 63 CPUs can
+register them, at least not until the system runs out of memory.
+In both of these examples, the Spiderman principle applies: With great
+power comes great responsibility.
+However, short of this level of abuse, RCU is required to
+ensure timely completion of grace periods and timely invocation of
+callbacks.
+
+<p>
+RCU takes the following steps to encourage timely completion of
+grace periods:
+
+<ol>
+<li> If a grace period fails to complete within 100&nbsp;milliseconds,
+ RCU causes future invocations of <tt>cond_resched()</tt> on
+ the holdout CPUs to provide an RCU quiescent state.
+ RCU also causes those CPUs' <tt>need_resched()</tt> invocations
+ to return <tt>true</tt>, but only after the corresponding CPU's
+ next scheduling-clock.
+<li> CPUs mentioned in the <tt>nohz_full</tt> kernel boot parameter
+ can run indefinitely in the kernel without scheduling-clock
+ interrupts, which defeats the above <tt>need_resched()</tt>
+ strategem.
+ RCU will therefore invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on any
+ <tt>nohz_full</tt> CPUs still holding out after
+ 109&nbsp;milliseconds.
+<li> In kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y</tt>, if a given
+ task that has been preempted within an RCU read-side critical
+ section is holding out for more than 500&nbsp;milliseconds,
+ RCU will resort to priority boosting.
+<li> If a CPU is still holding out 10&nbsp;seconds into the grace
+ period, RCU will invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on it regardless
+ of its <tt>nohz_full</tt> state.
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+The above values are defaults for systems running with <tt>HZ=1000</tt>.
+They will vary as the value of <tt>HZ</tt> varies, and can also be
+changed using the relevant Kconfig options and kernel boot parameters.
+RCU currently does not do much sanity checking of these
+parameters, so please use caution when changing them.
+Note that these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU,
+not for
+<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or
+<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>.
+
+<p>
+RCU takes the following steps in <tt>call_rcu()</tt> to encourage timely
+invocation of callbacks when any given non-<tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPU has
+10,000 callbacks, or has 10,000 more callbacks than it had the last time
+encouragement was provided:
+
+<ol>
+<li> Starts a grace period, if one is not already in progress.
+<li> Forces immediate checking for quiescent states, rather than
+ waiting for three milliseconds to have elapsed since the
+ beginning of the grace period.
+<li> Immediately tags the CPU's callbacks with their grace period
+ completion numbers, rather than waiting for the <tt>RCU_SOFTIRQ</tt>
+ handler to get around to it.
+<li> Lifts callback-execution batch limits, which speeds up callback
+ invocation at the expense of degrading realtime response.
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Again, these are default values when running at <tt>HZ=1000</tt>,
+and can be overridden.
+Again, these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU,
+not for
+<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or
+<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>.
+Even for RCU, callback-invocation forward progress for <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt>
+CPUs is much less well-developed, in part because workloads benefiting
+from <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs tend to invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt>
+relatively infrequently.
+If workloads emerge that need both <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs and high
+<tt>call_rcu()</tt> invocation rates, then additional forward-progress
+work will be required.
+
<h3><a name="Composability">Composability</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -2165,14 +2214,9 @@ however, this is not a panacea because there would be severe restrictions
on what operations those callbacks could invoke.
<p>
-Perhaps surprisingly, <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt>,
-<a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor"><tt>synchronize_rcu_bh()</tt></a>
-(<a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">discussed below</a>),
-<a href="#Sched Flavor"><tt>synchronize_sched()</tt></a>,
+Perhaps surprisingly, <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and
<tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>,
-<tt>synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited()</tt>, and
-<tt>synchronize_sched_expedited()</tt>
-will all operate normally
+will operate normally
during very early boot, the reason being that there is only one CPU
and preemption is disabled.
This means that the call <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> (or friends)
@@ -2269,12 +2313,23 @@ Thankfully, RCU update-side primitives, including
The name notwithstanding, some Linux-kernel architectures
can have nested NMIs, which RCU must handle correctly.
Andy Lutomirski
-<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/CALCETrXLq1y7e_dKFPgou-FKHB6Pu-r8+t-6Ds+8=va7anBWDA@mail.gmail.com">surprised me</a>
+<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CALCETrXLq1y7e_dKFPgou-FKHB6Pu-r8+t-6Ds+8=va7anBWDA@mail.gmail.com">surprised me</a>
with this requirement;
he also kindly surprised me with
-<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/CALCETrXSY9JpW3uE6H8WYk81sg56qasA2aqmjMPsq5dOtzso=g@mail.gmail.com">an algorithm</a>
+<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CALCETrXSY9JpW3uE6H8WYk81sg56qasA2aqmjMPsq5dOtzso=g@mail.gmail.com">an algorithm</a>
that meets this requirement.
+<p>
+Furthermore, NMI handlers can be interrupted by what appear to RCU
+to be normal interrupts.
+One way that this can happen is for code that directly invokes
+<tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> and <tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> to be called
+from an NMI handler.
+This astonishing fact of life prompted the current code structure,
+which has <tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> invoking <tt>rcu_nmi_enter()</tt>
+and <tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> invoking <tt>rcu_nmi_exit()</tt>.
+And yes, I also learned of this requirement the hard way.
+
<h3><a name="Loadable Modules">Loadable Modules</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -2290,7 +2345,7 @@ via <tt>del_timer_sync()</tt> or similar.
<p>
Unfortunately, there is no way to cancel an RCU callback;
once you invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt>, the callback function is
-going to eventually be invoked, unless the system goes down first.
+eventually going to be invoked, unless the system goes down first.
Because it is normally considered socially irresponsible to crash the system
in response to a module unload request, we need some other way
to deal with in-flight RCU callbacks.
@@ -2394,30 +2449,9 @@ when invoked from a CPU-hotplug notifier.
<p>
RCU depends on the scheduler, and the scheduler uses RCU to
protect some of its data structures.
-This means the scheduler is forbidden from acquiring
-the runqueue locks and the priority-inheritance locks
-in the middle of an outermost RCU read-side critical section unless either
-(1)&nbsp;it releases them before exiting that same
-RCU read-side critical section, or
-(2)&nbsp;interrupts are disabled across
-that entire RCU read-side critical section.
-This same prohibition also applies (recursively!) to any lock that is acquired
-while holding any lock to which this prohibition applies.
-Adhering to this rule prevents preemptible RCU from invoking
-<tt>rcu_read_unlock_special()</tt> while either runqueue or
-priority-inheritance locks are held, thus avoiding deadlock.
-
-<p>
-Prior to v4.4, it was only necessary to disable preemption across
-RCU read-side critical sections that acquired scheduler locks.
-In v4.4, expedited grace periods started using IPIs, and these
-IPIs could force a <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> to take the slowpath.
-Therefore, this expedited-grace-period change required disabling of
-interrupts, not just preemption.
-
-<p>
-For RCU's part, the preemptible-RCU <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
-implementation must be written carefully to avoid similar deadlocks.
+The preemptible-RCU <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
+implementation must therefore be written carefully to avoid deadlocks
+involving the scheduler's runqueue and priority-inheritance locks.
In particular, <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> must tolerate an
interrupt where the interrupt handler invokes both
<tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>.
@@ -2426,7 +2460,7 @@ negative nesting levels to avoid destructive recursion via
interrupt handler's use of RCU.
<p>
-This pair of mutual scheduler-RCU requirements came as a
+This scheduler-RCU requirement came as a
<a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/453002/">complete surprise</a>.
<p>
@@ -2437,9 +2471,42 @@ when running context-switch-heavy workloads when built with
<tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt>
<a href="http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/scalability/paper/BareMetal.2015.01.15b.pdf">did come as a surprise [PDF]</a>.
RCU has made good progress towards meeting this requirement, even
-for context-switch-have <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt> workloads,
+for context-switch-heavy <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt> workloads,
but there is room for further improvement.
+<p>
+It is forbidden to hold any of scheduler's runqueue or priority-inheritance
+spinlocks across an <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> unless interrupts have been
+disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section, that is,
+up to and including the matching <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>.
+Violating this restriction can result in deadlocks involving these
+scheduler spinlocks.
+There was hope that this restriction might be lifted when interrupt-disabled
+calls to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> started deferring the reporting of
+the resulting RCU-preempt quiescent state until the end of the corresponding
+interrupts-disabled region.
+Unfortunately, timely reporting of the corresponding quiescent state
+to expedited grace periods requires a call to <tt>raise_softirq()</tt>,
+which can acquire these scheduler spinlocks.
+In addition, real-time systems using RCU priority boosting
+need this restriction to remain in effect because deferred
+quiescent-state reporting would also defer deboosting, which in turn
+would degrade real-time latencies.
+
+<p>
+In theory, if a given RCU read-side critical section could be
+guaranteed to be less than one second in duration, holding a scheduler
+spinlock across that critical section's <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
+would require only that preemption be disabled across the entire
+RCU read-side critical section, not interrupts.
+Unfortunately, given the possibility of vCPU preemption, long-running
+interrupts, and so on, it is not possible in practice to guarantee
+that a given RCU read-side critical section will complete in less than
+one second.
+Therefore, as noted above, if scheduler spinlocks are held across
+a given call to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, interrupts must be
+disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section.
+
<h3><a name="Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -2850,15 +2917,22 @@ The other four flavors are listed below, with requirements for each
described in a separate section.
<ol>
-<li> <a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor</a>
-<li> <a href="#Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor</a>
+<li> <a href="#Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor (Historical)</a>
+<li> <a href="#Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor (Historical)</a>
<li> <a href="#Sleepable RCU">Sleepable RCU</a>
<li> <a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>
-<li> <a href="#Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods">
- Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods</a>
</ol>
-<h3><a name="Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor</a></h3>
+<h3><a name="Bottom-Half Flavor">Bottom-Half Flavor (Historical)</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The RCU-bh flavor of RCU has since been expressed in terms of
+the other RCU flavors as part of a consolidation of the three
+flavors into a single flavor.
+The read-side API remains, and continues to disable softirq and to
+be accounted for by lockdep.
+Much of the material in this section is therefore strictly historical
+in nature.
<p>
The softirq-disable (AKA &ldquo;bottom-half&rdquo;,
@@ -2918,8 +2992,20 @@ includes
<tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt>,
<tt>rcu_barrier_bh()</tt>, and
<tt>rcu_read_lock_bh_held()</tt>.
+However, the update-side APIs are now simple wrappers for other RCU
+flavors, namely RCU-sched in CONFIG_PREEMPT=n kernels and RCU-preempt
+otherwise.
-<h3><a name="Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor</a></h3>
+<h3><a name="Sched Flavor">Sched Flavor (Historical)</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The RCU-sched flavor of RCU has since been expressed in terms of
+the other RCU flavors as part of a consolidation of the three
+flavors into a single flavor.
+The read-side API remains, and continues to disable preemption and to
+be accounted for by lockdep.
+Much of the material in this section is therefore strictly historical
+in nature.
<p>
Before preemptible RCU, waiting for an RCU grace period had the
@@ -3139,94 +3225,14 @@ The tasks-RCU API is quite compact, consisting only of
<tt>call_rcu_tasks()</tt>,
<tt>synchronize_rcu_tasks()</tt>, and
<tt>rcu_barrier_tasks()</tt>.
-
-<h3><a name="Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods">
-Waiting for Multiple Grace Periods</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-Perhaps you have an RCU protected data structure that is accessed from
-RCU read-side critical sections, from softirq handlers, and from
-hardware interrupt handlers.
-That is three flavors of RCU, the normal flavor, the bottom-half flavor,
-and the sched flavor.
-How to wait for a compound grace period?
-
-<p>
-The best approach is usually to &ldquo;just say no!&rdquo; and
-insert <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
-around each RCU read-side critical section, regardless of what
-environment it happens to be in.
-But suppose that some of the RCU read-side critical sections are
-on extremely hot code paths, and that use of <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt>
-is not a viable option, so that <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and
-<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> are not free.
-What then?
-
-<p>
-You <i>could</i> wait on all three grace periods in succession, as follows:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 synchronize_rcu();
- 2 synchronize_rcu_bh();
- 3 synchronize_sched();
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-This works, but triples the update-side latency penalty.
-In cases where this is not acceptable, <tt>synchronize_rcu_mult()</tt>
-may be used to wait on all three flavors of grace period concurrently:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 synchronize_rcu_mult(call_rcu, call_rcu_bh, call_rcu_sched);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-But what if it is necessary to also wait on SRCU?
-This can be done as follows:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
- 1 static void call_my_srcu(struct rcu_head *head,
- 2 void (*func)(struct rcu_head *head))
- 3 {
- 4 call_srcu(&amp;my_srcu, head, func);
- 5 }
- 6
- 7 synchronize_rcu_mult(call_rcu, call_rcu_bh, call_rcu_sched, call_my_srcu);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-If you needed to wait on multiple different flavors of SRCU
-(but why???), you would need to create a wrapper function resembling
-<tt>call_my_srcu()</tt> for each SRCU flavor.
-
-<table>
-<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
-<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
-<tr><td>
- But what if I need to wait for multiple RCU flavors, but I also need
- the grace periods to be expedited?
-</td></tr>
-<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
-<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
- If you are using expedited grace periods, there should be less penalty
- for waiting on them in succession.
- But if that is nevertheless a problem, you can use workqueues
- or multiple kthreads to wait on the various expedited grace
- periods concurrently.
-</font></td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-Again, it is usually better to adjust the RCU read-side critical sections
-to use a single flavor of RCU, but when this is not feasible, you can use
-<tt>synchronize_rcu_mult()</tt>.
+In <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt> kernels, trampolines cannot be preempted,
+so these APIs map to
+<tt>call_rcu()</tt>,
+<tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt>, and
+<tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>, respectively.
+In <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=y</tt> kernels, trampolines can be preempted,
+and these three APIs are therefore implemented by separate functions
+that check for voluntary context switches.
<h2><a name="Possible Future Changes">Possible Future Changes</a></h2>
@@ -3238,12 +3244,6 @@ grace-period state machine so as to avoid the need for the additional
latency.
<p>
-Expedited grace periods scan the CPUs, so their latency and overhead
-increases with increasing numbers of CPUs.
-If this becomes a serious problem on large systems, it will be necessary
-to do some redesign to avoid this scalability problem.
-
-<p>
RCU disables CPU hotplug in a few places, perhaps most notably in the
<tt>rcu_barrier()</tt> operations.
If there is a strong reason to use <tt>rcu_barrier()</tt> in CPU-hotplug
@@ -3288,11 +3288,6 @@ require extremely good demonstration of need and full exploration of
alternatives.
<p>
-There is an embarrassingly large number of flavors of RCU, and this
-number has been increasing over time.
-Perhaps it will be possible to combine some at some future date.
-
-<p>
RCU's various kthreads are reasonably recent additions.
It is quite likely that adjustments will be required to more gracefully
handle extreme loads.
@@ -3303,6 +3298,11 @@ For example, RCU callback overhead might be charged back to the
originating <tt>call_rcu()</tt> instance, though probably not
in production kernels.
+<p>
+Additional work may be required to provide reasonable forward-progress
+guarantees under heavy load for grace periods and for callback
+invocation.
+
<h2><a name="Summary">Summary</a></h2>
<p>
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt
index 49747717d905..6f469864d9f5 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock(), rcu_read_lock_bh(),
rcu_read_lock_sched(), or by the appropriate update-side lock.
Disabling of preemption can serve as rcu_read_lock_sched(), but
- is less readable.
+ is less readable and prevents lockdep from detecting locking issues.
Letting RCU-protected pointers "leak" out of an RCU read-side
critical section is every bid as bad as letting them leak out
@@ -285,11 +285,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
here is that superuser already has lots of ways to crash
the machine.
- d. Use call_rcu_bh() rather than call_rcu(), in order to take
- advantage of call_rcu_bh()'s faster grace periods. (This
- is only a partial solution, though.)
-
- e. Periodically invoke synchronize_rcu(), permitting a limited
+ d. Periodically invoke synchronize_rcu(), permitting a limited
number of updates per grace period.
The same cautions apply to call_rcu_bh(), call_rcu_sched(),
@@ -324,37 +320,14 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
will break Alpha, cause aggressive compilers to generate bad code,
and confuse people trying to read your code.
-11. Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until
- all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side
- critical sections complete. It does -not- necessarily guarantee
- that all currently running interrupts, NMIs, preempt_disable()
- code, or idle loops will complete. Therefore, if your
- read-side critical sections are protected by something other
- than rcu_read_lock(), do -not- use synchronize_rcu().
-
- Similarly, disabling preemption is not an acceptable substitute
- for rcu_read_lock(). Code that attempts to use preemption
- disabling where it should be using rcu_read_lock() will break
- in CONFIG_PREEMPT=y kernel builds.
-
- If you want to wait for interrupt handlers, NMI handlers, and
- code under the influence of preempt_disable(), you instead
- need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched().
-
- This same limitation also applies to synchronize_rcu_bh()
- and synchronize_srcu(), as well as to the asynchronous and
- expedited forms of the three primitives, namely call_rcu(),
- call_rcu_bh(), call_srcu(), synchronize_rcu_expedited(),
- synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited(), and synchronize_srcu_expedited().
-
-12. Any lock acquired by an RCU callback must be acquired elsewhere
+11. Any lock acquired by an RCU callback must be acquired elsewhere
with softirq disabled, e.g., via spin_lock_irqsave(),
spin_lock_bh(), etc. Failing to disable irq on a given
acquisition of that lock will result in deadlock as soon as
the RCU softirq handler happens to run your RCU callback while
interrupting that acquisition's critical section.
-13. RCU callbacks can be and are executed in parallel. In many cases,
+12. RCU callbacks can be and are executed in parallel. In many cases,
the callback code simply wrappers around kfree(), so that this
is not an issue (or, more accurately, to the extent that it is
an issue, the memory-allocator locking handles it). However,
@@ -370,7 +343,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
not the case, a self-spawning RCU callback would prevent the
victim CPU from ever going offline.)
-14. Unlike other forms of RCU, it -is- permissible to block in an
+13. Unlike other forms of RCU, it -is- permissible to block in an
SRCU read-side critical section (demarked by srcu_read_lock()
and srcu_read_unlock()), hence the "SRCU": "sleepable RCU".
Please note that if you don't need to sleep in read-side critical
@@ -414,7 +387,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
Note that rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer() relate to
SRCU just as they do to other forms of RCU.
-15. The whole point of call_rcu(), synchronize_rcu(), and friends
+14. The whole point of call_rcu(), synchronize_rcu(), and friends
is to wait until all pre-existing readers have finished before
carrying out some otherwise-destructive operation. It is
therefore critically important to -first- remove any path
@@ -426,13 +399,13 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
is the caller's responsibility to guarantee that any subsequent
readers will execute safely.
-16. The various RCU read-side primitives do -not- necessarily contain
+15. The various RCU read-side primitives do -not- necessarily contain
memory barriers. You should therefore plan for the CPU
and the compiler to freely reorder code into and out of RCU
read-side critical sections. It is the responsibility of the
RCU update-side primitives to deal with this.
-17. Use CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING, CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD, and the
+16. Use CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING, CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD, and the
__rcu sparse checks to validate your RCU code. These can help
find problems as follows:
@@ -455,7 +428,7 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
These debugging aids can help you find problems that are
otherwise extremely difficult to spot.
-18. If you register a callback using call_rcu(), call_rcu_bh(),
+17. If you register a callback using call_rcu(), call_rcu_bh(),
call_rcu_sched(), or call_srcu(), and pass in a function defined
within a loadable module, then it in necessary to wait for
all pending callbacks to be invoked after the last invocation
@@ -469,8 +442,8 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
You instead need to use one of the barrier functions:
o call_rcu() -> rcu_barrier()
- o call_rcu_bh() -> rcu_barrier_bh()
- o call_rcu_sched() -> rcu_barrier_sched()
+ o call_rcu_bh() -> rcu_barrier()
+ o call_rcu_sched() -> rcu_barrier()
o call_srcu() -> srcu_barrier()
However, these barrier functions are absolutely -not- guaranteed
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt
index 7d4ae110c2c9..721b3e426515 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt
@@ -87,7 +87,3 @@ o Where can I find more information on RCU?
See the RTFP.txt file in this directory.
Or point your browser at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/.
-
-o What are all these files in this directory?
-
- See 00-INDEX for the list.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt b/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt
index f99cf11b314b..073dbc12d1ea 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt
@@ -16,12 +16,9 @@ o A CPU looping in an RCU read-side critical section.
o A CPU looping with interrupts disabled.
-o A CPU looping with preemption disabled. This condition can
- result in RCU-sched stalls and, if ksoftirqd is in use, RCU-bh
- stalls.
+o A CPU looping with preemption disabled.
-o A CPU looping with bottom halves disabled. This condition can
- result in RCU-sched and RCU-bh stalls.
+o A CPU looping with bottom halves disabled.
o For !CONFIG_PREEMPT kernels, a CPU looping anywhere in the kernel
without invoking schedule(). If the looping in the kernel is
@@ -87,9 +84,9 @@ o A hardware failure. This is quite unlikely, but has occurred
This resulted in a series of RCU CPU stall warnings, eventually
leading the realization that the CPU had failed.
-The RCU, RCU-sched, RCU-bh, and RCU-tasks implementations have CPU stall
-warning. Note that SRCU does -not- have CPU stall warnings. Please note
-that RCU only detects CPU stalls when there is a grace period in progress.
+The RCU, RCU-sched, and RCU-tasks implementations have CPU stall warning.
+Note that SRCU does -not- have CPU stall warnings. Please note that
+RCU only detects CPU stalls when there is a grace period in progress.
No grace period, no CPU stall warnings.
To diagnose the cause of the stall, inspect the stack traces.
@@ -179,9 +176,8 @@ causing stalls, and that the stall was affecting RCU-sched. This message
will normally be followed by stack dumps for each CPU. Please note that
PREEMPT_RCU builds can be stalled by tasks as well as by CPUs, and that
the tasks will be indicated by PID, for example, "P3421". It is even
-possible for a rcu_preempt_state stall to be caused by both CPUs -and-
-tasks, in which case the offending CPUs and tasks will all be called
-out in the list.
+possible for an rcu_state stall to be caused by both CPUs -and- tasks,
+in which case the offending CPUs and tasks will all be called out in the list.
CPU 2's "(3 GPs behind)" indicates that this CPU has not interacted with
the RCU core for the past three grace periods. In contrast, CPU 16's "(0
@@ -209,7 +205,7 @@ handlers are no longer able to execute on this CPU. This can happen if
the stalled CPU is spinning with interrupts are disabled, or, in -rt
kernels, if a high-priority process is starving RCU's softirq handler.
-The "fps=" shows the number of force-quiescent-state idle/offline
+The "fqs=" shows the number of force-quiescent-state idle/offline
detection passes that the grace-period kthread has made across this
CPU since the last time that this CPU noted the beginning of a grace
period.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
index c2a7facf7ff9..4a6854318b17 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ rcu_dereference()
unnecessary overhead on Alpha CPUs.
Note that the value returned by rcu_dereference() is valid
- only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.
+ only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section [1].
For example, the following is -not- legal:
rcu_read_lock();
@@ -292,6 +292,19 @@ rcu_dereference()
typically used indirectly, via the _rcu list-manipulation
primitives, such as list_for_each_entry_rcu().
+ [1] The variant rcu_dereference_protected() can be used outside
+ of an RCU read-side critical section as long as the usage is
+ protected by locks acquired by the update-side code. This variant
+ avoids the lockdep warning that would happen when using (for
+ example) rcu_dereference() without rcu_read_lock() protection.
+ Using rcu_dereference_protected() also has the advantage
+ of permitting compiler optimizations that rcu_dereference()
+ must prohibit. The rcu_dereference_protected() variant takes
+ a lockdep expression to indicate which locks must be acquired
+ by the caller. If the indicated protection is not provided,
+ a lockdep splat is emitted. See RCU/Design/Requirements.html
+ and the API's code comments for more details and example usage.
+
The following diagram shows how each API communicates among the
reader, updater, and reclaimer.
@@ -322,28 +335,27 @@ to their callers and (2) call_rcu() callbacks may be invoked. Efficient
implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in
order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.
-There are no fewer than three RCU mechanisms in the Linux kernel; the
-diagram above shows the first one, which is by far the most commonly used.
-The rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer() primitives are used for
-all three mechanisms, but different defer and protect primitives are
-used as follows:
-
- Defer Protect
+There are at least three flavors of RCU usage in the Linux kernel. The diagram
+above shows the most common one. On the updater side, the rcu_assign_pointer(),
+sychronize_rcu() and call_rcu() primitives used are the same for all three
+flavors. However for protection (on the reader side), the primitives used vary
+depending on the flavor:
-a. synchronize_rcu() rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock()
- call_rcu() rcu_dereference()
+a. rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock()
+ rcu_dereference()
-b. synchronize_rcu_bh() rcu_read_lock_bh() / rcu_read_unlock_bh()
- call_rcu_bh() rcu_dereference_bh()
+b. rcu_read_lock_bh() / rcu_read_unlock_bh()
+ local_bh_disable() / local_bh_enable()
+ rcu_dereference_bh()
-c. synchronize_sched() rcu_read_lock_sched() / rcu_read_unlock_sched()
- call_rcu_sched() preempt_disable() / preempt_enable()
- local_irq_save() / local_irq_restore()
- hardirq enter / hardirq exit
- NMI enter / NMI exit
- rcu_dereference_sched()
+c. rcu_read_lock_sched() / rcu_read_unlock_sched()
+ preempt_disable() / preempt_enable()
+ local_irq_save() / local_irq_restore()
+ hardirq enter / hardirq exit
+ NMI enter / NMI exit
+ rcu_dereference_sched()
-These three mechanisms are used as follows:
+These three flavors are used as follows:
a. RCU applied to normal data structures.
@@ -867,18 +879,20 @@ RCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
bh: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
- rcu_read_lock_bh call_rcu_bh rcu_barrier_bh
- rcu_read_unlock_bh synchronize_rcu_bh
- rcu_dereference_bh synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited
+ rcu_read_lock_bh call_rcu rcu_barrier
+ rcu_read_unlock_bh synchronize_rcu
+ [local_bh_disable] synchronize_rcu_expedited
+ [and friends]
+ rcu_dereference_bh
rcu_dereference_bh_check
rcu_dereference_bh_protected
rcu_read_lock_bh_held
sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
- rcu_read_lock_sched synchronize_sched rcu_barrier_sched
- rcu_read_unlock_sched call_rcu_sched
- [preempt_disable] synchronize_sched_expedited
+ rcu_read_lock_sched call_rcu rcu_barrier
+ rcu_read_unlock_sched synchronize_rcu
+ [preempt_disable] synchronize_rcu_expedited
[and friends]
rcu_read_lock_sched_notrace
rcu_read_unlock_sched_notrace
@@ -890,8 +904,8 @@ sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
SRCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
- srcu_read_lock synchronize_srcu srcu_barrier
- srcu_read_unlock call_srcu
+ srcu_read_lock call_srcu srcu_barrier
+ srcu_read_unlock synchronize_srcu
srcu_dereference synchronize_srcu_expedited
srcu_dereference_check
srcu_read_lock_held
@@ -934,7 +948,8 @@ c. Do you need to treat NMI handlers, hardirq handlers,
d. Do you need RCU grace periods to complete even in the face
of softirq monopolization of one or more of the CPUs? For
example, is your code subject to network-based denial-of-service
- attacks? If so, you need RCU-bh.
+ attacks? If so, you should disable softirq across your readers,
+ for example, by using rcu_read_lock_bh().
e. Is your workload too update-intensive for normal use of
RCU, but inappropriate for other synchronization mechanisms?
@@ -1033,7 +1048,7 @@ Answer: Just as PREEMPT_RT permits preemption of spinlock
spinlocks blocking while in RCU read-side critical
sections.
- Why the apparent inconsistency? Because it is it
+ Why the apparent inconsistency? Because it is
possible to use priority boosting to keep the RCU
grace periods short if need be (for example, if running
short of memory). In contrast, if blocking waiting
generated by cgit 1.2.3-korg (git 2.39.0) at 2024-04-27 14:29:25 +0000